entranceThe history of the development of information systems. Information systems, the concept of composition and structure The concept and components of an information system
The term information system (IS) is used in both broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense Information system there is a combination of technical, software and organizational support, as well as personnel, designed to provide the right people with the right information in a timely manner.
In a narrow sense information system refers to only a subset of IS components in a broad sense, including databases, DBMS and specialized application programs. IS in the narrow sense is considered as a software and hardware system designed to automate the purposeful activities of end users, providing, in accordance with the processing logic embedded in it, the ability to receive, modify and store information.
2. What are the main elements of IP?
An information system is an environment, the constituent elements of which are computers, computer networks, software products, databases, people, various kinds of technical and software communication facilities, etc.
The modern understanding of the information system involves the use of a personal computer as the main technical means of processing information. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of an information system may include a mainframe or a supercomputer. In addition, the technical implementation of the information system in itself will mean nothing if the role of the person for whom the information is intended is not taken into account and without whom it is impossible to receive and present it.
By organization we mean a community of people united by common goals and using common material and financial resources for the production of material and information products and services. In the text, two words will be used on an equal footing: “organization” and “OE”.
It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical base and tool for information systems.
An information system is inconceivable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.
3. What is the main purpose of IP?
The main purpose of the information system is organization of storage and transmission of information... The information system is a human-computer information processing system.
The implementation of the functions of an information system is impossible without knowledge of the information technology oriented towards it. Information technology can exist outside the information system.
4. What are the main stages in the development of IP?
6. How have the purposes of using IP changed at different stages of their development?
7. How have types of IP changed at different stages of their development?
| Time period | Information use concepts | Type of information systems | Purpose of use |
| 1950-1960 | Paper flow of settlement documents | Information systems for processing Settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines | Improving the speed of processing documents Simplifying the procedure for processing invoices and calculating salaries |
| 1960-1970 | Essential help in preparing reports | Management information systems for production information | Speeding up the reporting process |
| 1970-1980 | Management control of implementation (sales) | Decision support systems Systems for senior management | Working out the most rational solution |
| 1980-2000 | Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage | Strategic Information Systems Automated Offices | OE survival and prosperity |
5. How has the concept of using information changed at different stages of IP development?
The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were designed for processing invoices and calculating salaries, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.
60s are marked by a change in attitudes towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting in many ways. To do this, organizations needed general-purpose computer equipment capable of serving a variety of functions, not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was the case in the past.
In the 70s - early 80s. information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control that supports and accelerates the decision-making process.
By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information on time, help the organization to achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new sales markets, provide worthy partners for itself, organize the release of products at a low price, and much more.
The information system is an environment, the constituent elements of which are computers, computer networks, software products, databases, people, various kinds of technological and software tools. And information technology is a set of operations and actions on data. All processes of information transformation in an information system are carried out using information technologies. As a result, information technology is a more comprehensive concept than an information system. The implementation of the functions of an information system is impossible without knowledge of information technology oriented towards it. Information technology can exist outside the sphere of the information system.
An information system (IS) is a collection of information, technical, software, mathematical, organizational, legal, ergonomic, linguistic, technological and other means, as well as personnel intended for collecting, processing, storing and issuing information and making management decisions. The functioning of IS in time consists in collecting, storing, processing and disseminating information about the activities of some economic entity in the real world.
A set of these functions determines the processes in the information system:
Entering information from external and internal sources;
Processing of incoming information;
Storage of information for its subsequent use;
Information output in a user-friendly form;
Feedback, that is, the use of processed information for comparison with the original, in order to correct the incoming information.
If previously information systems were perceived as a means of automating the auxiliary activities of an enterprise, now information systems have become a means of gaining a competitive advantage.
The structure of each information system consists of functional and supporting subsystems (Fig. 1.9).
Functional subsystems IP informationally serve certain types of activities of the enterprise, characteristic of the structural divisions of the enterprise and management functions. The functional subsystem is a complex of economic problems with a high degree of information exchanges (connections) between them. In this case, by a task we mean a certain process of information processing with a clearly defined set of input and output information (for example, payroll, order accounting, booking, etc.). The composition of functional subsystems is largely determined by the characteristics of the economic system, its industry affiliation, form of ownership, size, and the nature of the enterprise's activities.
The functional subsystem is a subsystem that implements one or more interrelated functions. The purpose of the subsystem, its main tasks, goals and functions are determined by the types of activities of production and economic facilities: production, personnel, financial, marketing. These areas of activity determine the typical set of functional subsystems of the IS.
The supporting subsystem is the environment in which the means for transforming information are used, regardless of the scope. Integration functional subsystems into a single system is achieved through the creation and functioning of supporting subsystems, such as software, technical, organizational, legal, information, ergonomic, linguistic and mathematical subsystems.
1. Subsystem "Software"- is a set of programs that implement the functions of the IS; instructional and methodological materials on the use of software tools; as well as personnel involved in the development and maintenance of programs for the entire period of the IP life cycle.
The software is divided into two complexes: system-wide (operating systems, operating shells, compilers, interpreters, software environments for the development of application programs, DBMS, network programs, antivirus programs, test and diagnostic programs) and applied software (a set of application programs developed for specific tasks within functional subsystems , and test cases).
2. Subsystem "Technical support"- this is a set of technical means intended for data processing in IS; methodological and guidance materials, technical documentation; the personnel serving these technical means. The complex includes computers, means for collecting and registering information, means for transmitting data through communication channels, means for accumulating and storing data and issuing result information, auxiliary equipment and organizational equipment (Fig. 1.10).
Computer facilities are designed mainly for the implementation of integrated technologies for processing and storing information and are the basis for the integration of all modern technical means of ensuring the management of information resources:
Personal computers, all the resources of which are fully directed to support the activities of one employee;
Corporate computers (main frame), ensuring the joint activities of many employees within the framework of one organization, one project, one sphere of information activity using the same information and computing resources;
- supercomputers- these are computing systems with the limiting characteristics of computing power and information resources (military, space activities, fundamental scientific research, global weather forecast).
The means of communication technology provide one of the main functions of management activities - the transfer of information within the framework of the management system and the exchange of data with the external environment, imply the use of a variety of methods and technologies.
The means of communication technology include:
Means and systems of fixed and mobile telephony;
Means and systems of telegraph communication;
Facsimile information and modem communication facilities and systems;
Means and systems of cable and radio communications, including fiber-optic and satellite communications (computer networks).
Office equipment is intended for the automation and mechanization of management activities. Technologies for storing, presenting and using information are being implemented, as well as for performing various auxiliary operations within the framework of certain technologies of information support for management activities.
The entire set of office equipment can be represented in the form of the following groups:
Information carriers;
Means for the production of text and tabular documents;
Reprography and operational printing tools;
Document processing facilities;
Means for storing, searching and transporting documents;
Banking office equipment;
Small office equipment;
Office furniture and equipment;
Other office equipment.
3. Subsystem "Organizational support" is one of the most important subsystems of the IS, on which the successful implementation of the goals and functions of the system depends. The organizational support can be divided into four groups of components.
The first group includes the most important methodological materials regulating the process of creating and functioning of the system:
Industry-wide guidance materials on the creation of IP;
Typical design solutions;
Methodological materials for organizing and conducting a pre-project survey at the enterprise;
Methodological materials on the creation and implementation of project documentation.
The second component in the structure of the organizational support of IS is a set of tools necessary for the effective design and operation of IS (standard software packages, standard enterprise management structures, unified document systems, system-wide and industry classifiers, etc.).
The third component Subsystem of organizational support is the technical documentation obtained in the process of inspection, design and implementation of the system: a feasibility study, terms of reference, technical and working projects and documents that formalize the stage-by-stage commissioning of the system.
The fourth component The organizational support subsystem is the personnel, where the organizational and staff structure of the project is presented, which determines, in particular, the composition of the chief designers of the system and specialists in functional management subsystems.
4. Subsystem "Legal support" is intended to regulate the process of creating and operating an IP, which includes a set of legal documents with a statement of regulatory relations for the formation, storage, processing of intermediate and resultant information of the system.
The legal documents in force at the stage of creating the system include: an agreement between the developer and the customer; documents regulating the relationship between the participants in the process of creating the system.
The legal documents created at the stage of implementation include: characterization of the status of the system being created; legal powers of IP divisions; legal powers of certain types of information processing processes; legal relations of users in the use of technical means.
5. Subsystem "Information support" is a set of design solutions in terms of volumes, placement, forms of organization of information circulating in the IS (information flows). It includes a set of indicators, reference data, classifiers and codifiers of information, unified documentation systems specially organized for service, information arrays on appropriate media.
The subsystem includes two complexes. These are components of off-machine information support (classifiers of technical and economic information, information codifiers, reference data, unified documentation systems) and components of intra-machine information support (layouts / screen forms for information input / output, information base structure). It also includes personnel who ensure the reliability of storage, timeliness and quality of information processing technology.
The central component of the information support is the database through which the data exchange of various tasks is carried out. The database provides an integrated use of various information objects in functional subsystems.
6. Subsystem "Ergonomic support" is a set of methods and tools used at various stages of the development and operation of the IS, designed to create optimal conditions for highly efficient human (personnel) activity in the IS, for its rapid development. It contains a set of various documents regulating ergonomic requirements for workplaces, information models, conditions of personnel activity, as well as ways of implementing these requirements and the implementation of ergonomic expertise of the level of their implementation.
7. Subsystem "Linguistic support" includes a set of scientific and technical terms used in the development and operation of IS, and other linguistic tools used in information systems. Language tools are divided into two groups: traditional languages (natural, mathematical, algorithmic languages, modeling languages) and languages intended for dialogue with a computer (information retrieval languages, DBMS languages, languages of operating environments, input languages of application packages).
8. Subsystem "Software" is a collection of mathematical models and algorithms for solving problems and processing information using computer technology. It also includes a set of tools and methods used to solve economic problems and in the process of designing information systems; technical documentation (description of tasks, tasks for the algorithmicization of the economic and mathematical model, tasks and specific examples of their solution); personnel (specialists in computational methods, IS designers, directors of control problems, etc.).
All supporting subsystems are interconnected with each other and with functional subsystems. The "Organizational support" subsystem determines the procedure for the development and implementation of IS, the organizational structure of the IS and the composition of employees, legal instructions for which are contained in the legal support subsystem.
Functional subsystems determine the composition of problems and formulations of problems, mathematical models and algorithms, solutions of which are developed as part of the subsystem "Software" and which, in turn, serve as the basis for the development of applied programs that are part of the subsystem "Software".
Functional subsystems, mathematical and software components determine the principles of organization and the composition of the classifiers of documents, the composition of the information base.
The development of the structure and composition of the information base allows you to integrate all the tasks of functional subsystems into a single information system, functioning according to the principles formulated in the documents of organizational and legal support.
Bulk data streams of information together with the calculated data on the degree of complexity of the algorithms and programs being developed, they make it possible to select the components of the hardware. The selected set of technical means makes it possible to determine the type of operating system, and the developed software, information support allows organizing information processing technology for solving problems included in the corresponding functional subsystems
In accordance with the nature of information processing in IS at various levels of management of the economic system (operational, tactical and strategic), the following types of information systems are classified accordingly: data processing system, information management system and decision support system.
IS is considered ideal, which includes all three types of the listed information systems.
In fig. 1.11 presented classification of information systems on a professional basis, taking into account the levels of management and qualifications of specialists based on the line of information systems for the hotel and restaurant business, presented by the Libra company (www.libra-russia.ru).
The base of the pyramid is information systems with the help of which executive employees are engaged in operational data processing, and lower-level managers - in operational management. The Epitome PMS hotel management system is integrated with the Squirre-lOne restaurant management system, production process automation, inventory control and control systems at catering establishments ProStore, Libra F&B and accounting systems. The Premier SPA system is used to manage both individual SPA centers and hotels and resorts.
At the top of the pyramid at the level of strategic management, information systems change their role and become strategic, supporting the activities of top managers. The business intelligence system Mozaik Business Intelligence (BI) is used by managers to perform multivariate analysis and strategic business planning across the entire enterprise. The Libra Control Panel add-on allows hotel management to compare hotel performance targets with actual results, allowing them to monitor budget execution and get real-time visibility into hotel performance.
At the tactical level management (in the middle of the pyramid) middle managers using the Core corporate management system can manage a hotel chain, ensuring their direct integration with local and international sales channels. The Karyon system introduces a new service provider for them, designed to promote the hotel through a variety of international sales channels. And with Libra OnDemand CRM, a subscription-based system, managers manage sales, events and customer relationships.
As follows from Fig. 1.11, the higher in importance the level of management, the less the amount of work performed by specialists using information systems. However, this increases the complexity and intellectual capabilities of the information system, its role in decision-making by specialists.
Any level of management needs information from all functional systems, but in different volumes and with varying degrees of generalization. Depending on the scope of functions and management levels, corporate (integrated) and local IS are distinguished.
Corporate (integrated) IS automates all control functions at all control levels, is a multi-user system and operates in a distributed computer network. An example is the IS "Edelweiss" by Reksoft (www.rea.ru/hotel/it/, AE Sahak), which provides full automation of hotels (Fig. 1.12). The system is implemented according to the "client-server" architecture, the central server of the system stores all the information ever entered into the system. Workstations are located along the perimeter, which are the client places of users. In fig. 1.12 they are associated with specific departments, and the number of jobs in each department is set as needed.
Arrows show the main information flows flowing between workstations and the server. The specific distribution of functions between departments, the names and number of structural divisions may vary from hotel to hotel. At the same time, the number of required workstations and the list of functions performed by them can change.
Local IS automates separate management functions at separate levels of management, can be single-user, functioning in separate divisions of the management system.
MINISTRY OF BRANCH OF RUSSIA
FGBOU VO "URAL STATE FORESTRY UNIVERSITY"
Faculty of secondary vocational education
N.V. Kharlova
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
Methodical instructions and test tasks for correspondence students studying in the specialty 23.02.03 "Maintenance and repair of road transport"
Reviewer - Busygina N.A., teacher of computer science and information technology, the highest category
The educational methodological manual was compiled taking into account the requirements of the federal state educational standard of secondary vocational education.
Target- to provide assistance to students of extramural education in organizing their independent work on the study of the material.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, information technology is used in all spheres of human activity. The effective use of information technologies is largely determined by the level of qualifications of specialists who create and use these technologies in their practice.
The purpose of studying the discipline- to form students' knowledge and ability to use software for efficient processing of information of various types in solving professional problems.
As a result of studying the discipline, the student must:
Have an idea:
About the tasks of the academic discipline,
About the components of information systems,
Know:
Information technology software and its capabilities,
Information technology technical support and its capabilities.
Be able to:
Use the capabilities of software and hardware in professional activities.
The academic discipline "Information technology in professional activity" is connected with the content of practical lessons in the disciplines of the specialty: "Car arrangement", "Traffic rules and safety", "Automobile transportation".
The main form of studying the course material by students is independent work on the recommended literature. During the session, during the review sessions, the material being studied is systematized, summarized, and the most difficult issues are dealt with. Further, the studied material is consolidated during practical exercises, which are provided for by the work program of the discipline.
The study of the discipline "Information technology in professional activity" students begin with the study of the literature recommended at the orientation lesson by the teacher. To systematize the material being studied, it is necessary to keep a synopsis on the topics indicated by the teacher. The compiled synopsis will allow you to quickly navigate the material necessary to perform practical work, home control work and facilitate preparation for passing the test.
Before execution home test(DKR) students need to familiarize themselves with the content of the work program of the discipline, work out the theoretical material, check the availability of the necessary computer program to complete the tasks.
When performing the DKR, the following requirements must be observed:
1. DKR is performed according to options and is handed over to the teacher for verification. The variant number must correspond to the last digit of the personal file number. Work performed under another option will not be counted.
2. The tasks of the DKR are submitted for verification in electronic form, on any available medium, by e-mail and in printed form. on A4 sheets.
3. DKR for printing is performed in a text editor. On the title page of a certain form (Appendix 1), indicate the last name, first name, patronymic, discipline name, test number, option number
4. DKR in the printed form must contain:
Questions on the studied topics of the discipline "Information technology in professional activity", and answers to the questions of the option,
Problem conditions,
Tables with initial data and calculation results,
Under the tables, give an explanation of the calculations performed, derive the calculation formulas.
At the end of the work, sign and give a list of the literature used, indicating the initials and surname of the author, the title of the textbook and the year of publication.
5. Only DKR tasks performed in spreadsheets are submitted in electronic form. The solution of problems is carried out in accordance with the guidelines.
6. After receiving the verified work, it is necessary to follow all the instructor's instructions, correct mistakes, make additions to the answers, prepare the test for the session.
Final control form in this discipline is offset.
THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE
Section 1. Information systems. Classification. Components of information systems.
The concept of "modern information technology". The main goals of information technology. The concept of "information system". Information system as an environment for the functioning of information technologies. Classification of information systems. The concept of AWP. Components of information systems (software, information and technical). Types of software.
Questions for self-control
1. What is information technology?
2. What are the components of information technology?
3. Types of modern information technologies?
4. What is the main purpose of information systems?
5. What are the main tasks of information systems?
6. List the types of software, give examples.
Lecture 1.
Information system concept. IP classification. Project and design concept. Introduction to the methodology of building information systems. Objects and subjects of IP design.
Classification of methods and means of designing IS. The main objectives of the course
1.1. Information system concept
To determine the composition and structure of systems and, in particular, information systems, we present the basic concepts (slide 2) .
System- a set of interrelated elements that form a certain integrity.
System integrity- manifestation of the property emergence, reflecting the fundamental irreducibility of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its individual elements, and at the same time the dependence of the properties of each element on its place and function within the system.
System element - part of the system that has a specific functional purpose. Moreover, a separate element of a system (like the system itself) can also be an element of another system. Complex elements of systems, in turn consisting of interconnected simpler elements, are called subsystems.
System structure - composition, order and principles of interaction of system elements, which determine the basic properties of the system. Structure - this is the part of the properties that remains unchanged in the system when its state changes.
System architecture - a set of properties of a system that are essential for organizing the interaction of its components.
The systems differ significantly from each other both in composition and in goals. Examples of systems consisting of different elements and aimed at achieving different goals are presented on slide 3 .
Information System (IS) Is a complex consisting of an information fund, as well as means, methods used for storing, processing and issuing information in order to achieve the set goal (slide 4) .
Obviously, many elements of the system (see. slide 4 ) are optional. For example, an object model may be absent or identified with a database (DB), which is often interpreted as domain information model- structural (for the case tabular, factual DB) or meaningful (for the case documentary databases). The object model and the database may be absent (and, accordingly, the processes of storing and searching for data) if the system dynamically transforms information and generates output documents, without saving the original, intermediate, resulting information. But note that if and data conversion is also missing, then such an object is not an IS (it does not perform information activities), and therefore it should be classified as belonging to other classes of systems (for example, an information transmission channel, etc.). The data entry and collection processes are also optional because all necessary and sufficient for the functioning of the AIS, information may already be in the database and the composition of the model, etc.
The above definition of an information system is associated with the usual, but, nevertheless, a special form of purposeful human activity - information processing, which ensures an increase in the efficiency of solving the problems of his main activity. The concept of "consistency" is present here implicitly and reflects the essence of functionality: the composition and structure of the IS is determined based on the requirements for the level service efficiency of information needs, primarily in terms of finding and processing those records of the information fund that contain information necessary for effective execution and management of processes in the field of core activities. Thus, the information system has the following properties (slide 4) :
any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles of building systems;
the information system is dynamic and evolving;
when building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;
information system, one way or another, should be perceived as a man-machine system.
Information as the main object of IS processing
Since the main object and product of the functioning of IS is information, it is necessary to define the concepts of "data" and "information";
The constructiveness of such a definition consists not so much in declaring that context is and it must be used (processed), how much is that the system beret data (signals, quantities, etc.) from an infinite set of environmental data. Hence, need to choose only those that fit the context, i.e. necessary and sufficient to solve a specific problem... Obviously, the data in this case must have, or rather (due to the elementary (atomic) nature of what is called "given") must be associated with a context, which is usually given in the form of a set of distinctive features, which, in turn, also represent some set of data. Further, for some targeted processing, this data is processed by the application program (the data is associated with a processing method, which is one of the forms of setting the context) and, as a result, the result obtained (also data) must be associated with the method of its use, which will ensure the effectiveness of information for " end user "in reality.
Hence follows an important conclusion, which predetermines not only the differences between IS and DBMS, but also approaches to the design of systems for automated information processing: IS, in addition to means of data transformation, one way or another, has means of storing and processing the context (in this case, the context is, of course, also data, but performing the role of metadata - data on the nature of the data being processed), including as an independent object.
If the purpose of information systems were only storage and retrieval of data in arrays of records, then the structure of the system and database would be simple. The reason for the complexity is that almost any object is characterized not only by parameters-quantities, but also by the interconnections of parts or states. In addition, as noted above, a separate data element (quantity) itself acquires meaning (meaning) only when it is associated with the nature of the meaning (respectively, with other data elements), which will allow it to be interpreted.
Therefore, the physical layout of data (and, accordingly, the definition of the structure of the physical record) should be preceded by a description of the logical structure of the subject area - the construction model the corresponding fragment of the real world, highlighting only those objects that will be of interest to future users, and represented only by those parameters that will be significant in solving applied problems. Such a model will have very little physical resemblance to reality, but will be useful as performance user about the real world. Moreover, this representation will be set for inadequate for a person hard computing environment with a numerical representation of information, but described user friendly means.
This approach is a compromise: at the expense of predefined set of abstractions common to most data processing tasks, it is possible to build reliable processing programs. User using limited set of formal, but fairly familiar concepts highlighting entities and relationships, describes the objects and relationships of the subject area; programmer using such typical abstract concepts(such as numbers, sets, data aggregates) defines the corresponding information structures. Data management system using binary representations typed data, provides effective procedures for storing and processing data.
With any method of displaying a subject area in machine databases (DB), the display is based on the fixation (coding) of concepts and relations between concepts. Abstract concept structures closest to the so-called conceptual model of the subject environment and often underlies the latter.
The concept of structure is used at all levels of the domain representation and is implemented as:
information structure- a schematic form (providing a transition to an attributive form) of representing complex compositional objects and connections of a real subject area (SbA), identified as actually necessary for solving applied problems, in the general case, without taking into account whether programming tools and computers will be used to solve it ... Efficiency here is determined by the level of abstraction, as well as the completeness and accuracy of the representation of properties through the selected system of characteristics;
data structure- an attributive form of representation of SbA properties and relationships, focused on the expression of data description by means of formal languages (i.e., taking into account the capabilities and limitations of specific means in order to reduce descriptions to standard types and regular relationships). Efficiency in this case is associated with the process of building a program ("solver" of an applied problem) and, in a sense, with the effectiveness of the programmer's work;
structure of records- expedient (taking into account the peculiarities of the physical environment) implementation of methods for storing data and organizing access to them both at the level of individual records and their elements. Efficiency in this case is associated with the exchange processes between RAM and external memory devices and is ensured by data redundancy artificially introduced to ensure the functional efficiency of individual operations (for example, search by keys).
Main components of IC(slide 6)
The main and defining component of any information system are functionally interconnected data sets and procedures their processing. Note that these complexes, either individually or together, do not yet create the same integrity, which is inherent in systems. Systemic properties are manifested when IS is considered in the dynamics of interrelation with the environment, that is, when the factors of controllability and adaptability to changing external conditions, stability over time become essential. That is why any system, in addition to functional components - the main ones from the point of view of the purpose of the system, must include organizational and supporting components, the purpose of which is to create the necessary conditions for functioning, including the formation of control subjects. In turn, IP is an integral part of some larger system that ensures the achievement of a specific goal in human activity.
Functional subsystems they implement and support models, methods and algorithms for information processing and the formation of control actions within the framework of the tasks of the subject area, i.e. the composition and purpose of functional subsystems depends on the subject area of the features of using the IS. On (slide 6) some areas are listed whose functionality seems fairly obvious. We only note that the subsystem information support one way or another, it is part of any activity, since it is it that determines the quality of research (including marketing) work, design and technological preparation of production.
Composition supporting subsystems is quite stable and usually depends little on the subject area of the use of IP. Let's note the following components:
information support (information fund), a set of data that determine not only practically significant (target) information, but also ways of organizing it ( meta information), as well as the form of presentation;
technical support- physical components of the system, such as external memory, technical and computing facilities, providing direct processing and interaction of the user with the IC;
software- a set of software components for regular use, necessary to solve functional tasks and programs that allow the most efficient use of computing technology, providing users with the greatest convenience in their work;
software- a set of methods, models and algorithms for functional (target) information processing used in the system;
linguistic support(LO) Is a set of linguistic tools that provide flexibility and multilevel presentation and processing of information in AIS. Usually LO includes languages of queries and reports, special languages of definition and data management, ensuring the adequacy of the internal representation and the coordination of internal and external representations. LO is most dependent on the characteristics of the subject area.
Organizational subsystems also refer to supporting, but are primarily aimed at ensuring the effective work of personnel and the system as a whole, therefore, they can be singled out separately. Note that the development of an IS should begin precisely with organizational support: substantiation of the feasibility of the system, economic indicators that determine its activities, the composition of functional subsystems, the organizational structure of management, technological schemes for converting information, the procedure for carrying out work, etc.
The structure of an information system is determined by three principles. The first principle states that the system should retain all operational information that reflects the activities of the party in all IDS. According to this principle, information is accumulated and processed in the information system, reflecting the composition of the party, its actions, resource flows, interactions with other organizations, movements, groups of individuals. Based on the experience of creating corporate activity management systems, we can say that such systems most often begin with the creation of accounting and accounting subsystems, which contributes to the automation of control over the corporation's activities.
The general structure of the organization of such information is similar to the diagram shown in Fig. 1, where each rectangle can be considered as a center for the production of information, and the arrows correspond to the streams along which data is transmitted. Of course, these flows cannot be considered symmetric: if information on the number of people from primary organizations goes to the central authority, this does not mean that similar information comes from the center to each primary organization. But the exchange of information between the center and other organizations exists, as shown by the corresponding arrow.
General information related to this part of the information system includes the following data:
Personnel - standard data on party members;
Organizational structure of the party with reference to the members of the party who are in their respective places;
Actions carried out by individual organizations and party members - who decided what, did, proposed, what are the expected and actual results;
Party resources, their sources, volumes, use;
Characteristics of the external environment - social, economic, political, scientific and technical data on the environment;
Party competitors.
By accumulating this data over significant periods of time, it is possible not only to assess the trends of individual characteristics, but, if necessary, make a sample for a specific employee or head of the party apparatus, look at his work in the party over a long period of time, evaluate his capabilities and abilities. This data can be invaluable because it contains real, unflavored information that has not been cleaned up or corrected by statistics. The use of real information not only makes it possible to correctly assess developing events, but also to predict the future. Over time, such information becomes unique, because with its help it is possible to build processes that determine the patterns, the origin of this information.
The expansion of the analysis capabilities using modern computers allows the analysis process to be carried out continuously, constantly updating the previously built correspondences between various data. It becomes possible to apply the most advanced mathematical - analytical and statistical - methods. In this way, the data is converted into information that can be used in party management. This is one of the possible reserves that the party receives from outside to conduct its activities. This reserve was absent in the last century due to the impossibility of using the available data.
The second principle is the extraction and use of information related to the development of strategies and strategic plans. This includes storing, first, a description of the current situation, including:
Plans, goals - main and intermediate, tasks, programs;
Dividing the electorate into groups, strata, formations;
Party resources in this situation, their dynamics;
Assessment of the party's image;
Party organization activity in relation to the existing division of the electorate;
The current potential of the party.
Secondly, forecasting and predicting the possibilities for the development of situations that were formed during the development of strategic plans, an analysis of their implementation or non-fulfillment, possible assumptions
and the assumptions made in the forecast. The complexity of storage and subsequent access to this information lies in the fact that it is of an unformalized nature, and it is not always clear in what form, apart from text in natural language, it can be presented in a computer. More research on relevant information technology is needed here.
Third, an analysis of changes in the current situation as a result of:
Changes in social, economic, political, scientific and technical conditions that determine the environment;
Changes in internal party relations, balance of power, attitudes;
Influence and actions of competitors to change the situation;
The emergence of new and termination of the previously existing sources of party resources;
Changes in the views, interests, attitudes of the electorate.
Fourth, the preservation of the adopted strategies and methods of their implementation in the form of strategic plans. The transformation of strategies into plans and with their help into concrete actions is the intellectual resource of the party. This is the most difficult part of strategic management. The information system saves the developed options, which can be further used in subsequent development and adjustments of strategic plans. This part of the information system reflects the accumulation of strategic information of the party.
Fifth, as a separate part of the information system, the assessments of the party leaders, which the leaders give when developing certain plans, forecasts, and actions, can be saved. This is internal information, but it must be known to the leadership, which is jointly and severally accountable to the party for its actions and decisions. It is known that the greatest value in an organization is represented by managers or employees who most often make either the right or the wrong decisions. But in order to be convinced of this, it is necessary to fix these decisions somewhere.
Note that for the information defined by cases four and five, access to the part of the system in which it is stored should be limited due to not only the closed nature of the information, but also due to its special importance for the party.
The third principle states that the information system collects information about all methods, techniques used for analytical processing of information in the system.
Methods and ways of solving problems in an information system constitute the intellectual potential of the system itself, they hide the capabilities of the system. Currently, the main limitation on information processing is the availability of appropriate analytical methods, and not the technical indicators of computers, as it was 15 years ago.
The information accumulated in the information system in accordance with all the principles, according to its sources, is divided into three parts:
a) information collected from internal sources is supplied by party organizations at all levels;
b) information obtained from the external environment, from the media, from statistical reviews and special reports devoted to the analysis of the external environment, from the works of specialists, from foreign sources, including international organizations;
c) information provided to the party by experts and specialists who perform directed, specialized work for the party to analyze and structure the information received.
The main task that the information available in the system provides is the organization of good party management. The very concept of "good governance" has undergone several dramatic changes. Previously, "good governance" meant the implementation of instructions "from above", the absence of emergencies and violations of statutory requirements by party members.
Then "good governance" began to be defined in terms of realized opportunities, in the effectiveness of the planning system with the prevalence of long-term plans, in the revitalization of the party's activities among the population. The inability to change their activities in the transition to new assessments of management was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Communist Party in the former Soviet Union. On the other hand, the Chinese Communist Party has more or less successfully implemented this transition.
In the perspective of the development of parties in the 21st century, "good governance" will be associated, on the one hand, with the development and improvement of the strategic management of the party, and, on the other hand, with the gradual individualization of work with party members using modern computer networks and systems. It is on this path that the party can reach the peak of its development and the maximum effect from its activities.
Thus, much depends on the general development of the country in which the party exists, on the level of its economy and social relations -
in society, the analysis of which allows one to give an approximate assessment of the form, management and possible activities of the party in the country. Note that spending a lot of money can desalinate ocean water and plant trees in the desert, as is done in a number of oil-producing countries. But the level of party development depends on the development of society. It is impossible to jump over the natural stages of development. In a civilized society, one generation replaces another, before that level of spirituality is developed, which then manifests itself in all expressions of social life.
A party can use the most advanced methods, techniques and technologies in its activities, while at the same time it will receive an advantage over other parties that do not. But the maximum level of efficiency of its activities will be achieved only when the whole society reaches a high degree of development. Even a brilliant conductor cannot make a bad orchestra perform musical works at a high level, but a good orchestra in the hands of a great conductor can reach the heights of the performing arts. The best football coach cannot turn a team of mediocre players into world champions.
But a brilliant conductor, an outstanding coach, a talented party leader can achieve high results using modern technologies, systems and methods. To do this, you need to know that they exist. The challenge was to outline these methods. Party leaders decide how to use them. But, as the Latin proverb says: "Volentem ducunt fata, nolentem trahunt."
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