entranceLearning to Program from Scratch - A step-by-step guide for beginners. Ten steps from a teapot to a professional programmer
Today, the process of creating complex software applications cannot be imagined without dividing it into life cycle stages. By the life cycle of a program we mean a set of stages:
- Analysis of the subject area and creation of technical specifications (interaction with the customer)
- Designing the program structure
- Coding (set of program code according to project documentation)
- Testing and Debugging
- Implementation of the program
- Program support
- Disposal
UML is a graphical language for visualization, description of parameters, construction and documentation of various systems (programs in particular). Diagrams are created using special CASE tools such as Rational Rose (http://www-01.ibm.com/software/rational/) and Enterprise Architect (http://www.sparxsystems.com.au/). A unified information model is built on the basis of UML technology. The above CASE tools are capable of generating code in various object-oriented languages, and also have a very useful reverse engineering function. (Reverse engineering allows you to create a graphical model from existing program code and comments to it.)
Consider the types of diagrams for visualizing the model (this is a must have, although there are many more types):
Use case diagram
The designed system is represented as a set of entities or actors interacting with the system using the so-called use cases. In this case, an actor or an actor is any entity that interacts with the system from the outside. In other words, each use case defines a set of actions that the system performs when it interacts with the actor. At the same time, nothing is said about how the interaction of actors with the system will be implemented.Class diagram
A class diagram is used to represent the static structure of a system model in the terminology of classes of object-oriented programming. A class diagram can reflect, in particular, various relationships between individual entities of the domain, such as objects and subsystems, and also describes their internal structure (fields, methods ...) and types of relationships (inheritance, implementation of interfaces ...). This diagram does not indicate information about the temporal aspects of the functioning of the system. From this point of view, the class diagram is a further development of the conceptual model of the designed system. At this stage, knowledge of the OOP approach and design patterns is fundamental.
State diagram (statechart diagram)
The main purpose of this diagram is to describe the possible sequences of states and transitions that collectively characterize the behavior of a model element during its life cycle. A state diagram represents the dynamic behavior of entities, based on the specification of their response to the perception of certain specific events.
Sequence diagram
To model the interaction of objects in the UML language, appropriate interaction diagrams are used. The interactions of objects can be viewed over time, and then a sequence diagram is used to represent the temporal characteristics of the transmission and reception of messages between objects. Interacting objects exchange some information with each other. In this case, the information takes the form of complete messages. In other words, although the message has informational content, it acquires the additional property of exerting a directed influence on its recipient.
Collaboration diagram
In a cooperation diagram, objects participating in the interaction are depicted as rectangles, containing the name of the object, its class, and, possibly, attribute values. As with a class diagram, associations between objects are shown as various connecting lines. In this case, you can explicitly specify the names of the association and the roles that objects play in this association.Unlike a sequence diagram, a collaboration diagram only depicts relationships between objects that play specific roles in an interaction.
Component diagram
The component diagram, in contrast to the previously considered diagrams, describes the features of the physical representation of the system. A component diagram allows you to determine the architecture of the system under development by establishing dependencies between software components, which can be source, binary and executable code. In many development environments, a module or component corresponds to a file. Dotted arrows connecting modules show interdependencies similar to those that occur when compiling source code. The main graphical elements of a component diagram are components, interfaces, and their dependencies.
Deployment diagram
The deployment diagram is intended to visualize the elements and components of a program that exist only at the stage of its execution (runtime). In this case, only the components-instances of the program, which are executable files or dynamic libraries, are presented. Components that are not used at runtime are not shown in the deployment diagram.A deployment diagram contains graphical representations of processors, devices, processes, and the relationships between them. Unlike logical view diagrams, a deployment diagram is uniform for the system as a whole, since it must fully reflect the specifics of its implementation. This diagram, in fact, completes the OOAP process for a specific software system and its development is usually the last stage of the model specification.
This concludes our overview tour of diagrams in particular and design in general. It is worth noting that the design process has long become the standard for software development, but often one has to deal with a superbly written program, which, due to the lack of normal documentation, becomes overgrown with unnecessary side functionality, crutches, becomes cumbersome and loses its former quality. = (
I am convinced that a programmer is primarily a coder - he should NOT communicate with the customer, he should NOT think about the architecture of the system, he should not invent an interface to the program, he should only code - implement algorithms, functionality, appearance, usability, but no more …. The designer, on the other hand, must, starting from abstract diagrams (describing the subject area) to diagrams representing the structure of data, classes and the processes of their interaction, describe everything in detail step by step. That is, the complexity of the work and the designer's salary should be an order of magnitude higher than that of the programmer == coder. Sorry for sedition ...
Programming is getting easier and simpler. This has long ceased to be the lot of unkempt geeks who, apart from computers, see nothing around. Programming environments are simplified, visualized, operate with concepts more and more close to life. The next simplification step is this is programming without writing program code... Fully visual environments. We would like to present one of them in this review.
Hiasm- free programming environment, program designer, which allows you to create programs without knowing programming languages. Instead, you are asked to arrange ... squares. Most of them describe things that are quite understandable to a common user. For example, a window, a button, an icon. Others serve to link visual components together and describe their behavior. BUT! You don't need to know the syntax of the language. You don't have to worry about compilation errors, broken links, or stack overflows. This will not happen. This is a constructor. =)
So, we have already said that programs in Hiasm are a collection of connected boxes. But take your time to draw the program. The program's website has an incredible number of examples for all occasions.
But if you still haven't found what you need (or you're just interested in trying), let's get started.
Let's try to write a program almost equal to "Hello, world!" by complexity. This program will allow you to enter your name and greet you at the click of a button.
Launch HiAsm and create a new project " File«-« New…". Choose the type of project “ Windows application". I immediately recommend saving the project somewhere.
You have one square in front of your eyes - " The form"Which is called MainForm. Fine. Select this square and clicks the "Shape Editor" button in the top toolbar.
A prototype of our window appears. Place on it those controls (labels, buttons, text input boxes) that we need.
All kinds of elements are collected in the left panel of the program. Called " The elements«.
It opens by default in the " Interface“, Which is what we need.
Pull the "Input field", a button and two labels onto our form. we place them as our sense of aesthetics dictates. And we wrung out the button “ Form editor«.
Oppa !!! New squares have appeared on our field!
These are the elements that we added.
Let's make the button have the "Enter" inscription. To do this, select the button and click the Properties tab on the right. There are several of them here, but we are interested in one thing - Caption(Meaning). Let's change it to the inscription "Introduced".
And let's start.
The green triangle ( Run) in the top panel.
Here it is our window in all its glory! With a button, an input field and obscure labels in text fields. But the program starts up! (I'm afraid of the word "Works"). The program constructor gave us the ability to create a workable application in a matter of minutes!
Close your window with a cross. And let's continue.
Remove extraneous labels from text boxes. This is also done using the property Caption just like the button.
Now we need to tell the program that when the button is pressed, the following should happen:
- “Hello” should appear in the left text field
- In the right should appear what you entered as your name
For this we need connections between the squares.
Links transmit data or messages from component to component that an event has occurred. So let's tell our text boxes that the button is clicked.
To do this, we find a green dot on the square of the button (there is only one), move the mouse, read. So this event happens every time the button is pressed. Super! Where to drag? Yeah, there is also a dot on the text box on the left. DoTex t Sets the label text. Exactly what is needed. But we need to set the text of the two labels!
We need a splitter here.
It is in the category " Instruments»Component tabs. They brought out a small square (similar to a chair) to our field. Now you can hook one link to one end, and two to the other.
We attach our button to it on the left and attach the other two to the DoText points of our text boxes.
Soooo. Well, the first text box will just say "Hello". Double click on the link and enter the text "Hello".
But the second one should take the value that the user enters!
This means one more connection. This time with an input field.
Near the square with the inscription “ ab"There is a gray dot at the bottom, which is responsible for storing data. from there we will take the entered value. And drag the link to the gray dot at the top of the second text box. That's it, now he will know where to get the text when the button tells him to update.
In conclusion, I would like to say that the HiAsm program constructor is in Russian and contains detailed Russian documentation. So if you want to figure it out.
Good luck in programming without programming!
Computer programs have become an integral part of the life of a modern person. We encounter them everywhere: from simple electronic clocks to complex computers (laptops, smartphones, tablets and other electronic devices). When surrounded by programs, it is useful to know what they are.
What is a program
A computer program is a set of instructions written in a special language that your computer “understands”. Thanks to these instructions, we can safely use complex electronic equipment, although without programs it would be a useless piece of metal.Living in the world of digital technologies, it would not hurt anyone to find a common language with them. Modern computers, coupled with the right instructions, can become the best helpers for humans.
How to create your own program
Fortunately, those terrible times have passed when programs for a computer were written in their native binary code, using ones and zeros. Through the efforts of pioneering programmers, special languages have been created, thanks to which programming has reached a new level of accessibility and convenience.
There are 2 types of tools for creating programs:
- Visual development environments. Easy to learn, but often have limited functionality. Allows you to create programs with zero knowledge of the language, through a visual editor. These tools are great for beginners looking to quickly create their first program.
- Integrated development environments (IDEs). Serious tools with almost limitless functionality. To work in such environments, knowledge and understanding of the programming language is required. Modern IDEs have a simple and user-friendly interface, which greatly simplifies the creation of programs.
If you want to make a simple program with a beautiful interface, but don't want to waste time learning languages, use the visual environment. Many tools of this type are flexible enough to allow beginners to create unique products.
For those who want to seriously engage in programming and create truly ambitious projects, it is better to pay attention to the integrated development environment. The difficulty of learning a language will pay off with interest when you learn to understand the very essence of the work of programs and bring to life the most incredible ideas.
Choosing a tool for creating programs
To date, several thousand programming languages and more than a hundred development environments have been invented. The variety is solid, and young programmers often get bogged down in the abundance of offers.
We value our guests' time, and therefore we have selected the best programming tools and placed them in a single directory. To help you choose the ideal development environment, detailed descriptions and training material in the form of a video course have been added to each material. Download programs for creating programs absolutely free, via torrent or file-sharing services (Yandex.Disk and MEGA).
Have a nice day and good luck with your work!Adobe AIR is a runtime that provides the ability to run web applications (built using various web technologies) on a computer and a variety of mobile devices.
Due to its cross-platform nature, the product in question can work on different operating systems. This versatility enables the functionality of any web application across multiple platforms.
The program is remarkable in that the applications deployed in it do not require a constant connection to the Internet, so you can safely perform all actions in them and send data when a connection appears.
- Business programs
- Development of
WebSite X5 (Web Site X5) 17.0.6
Imagine that right now you can create a fully functional website on your own without knowing any programming languages. Doesn't fit in your head? However, it is, and a wonderful free program called WebSite X5 will help you with this. Thanks to a simple interface, convenient tools and competent implementation of the product, all actions you perform are immediately visualized, so you can immediately see the result.
To create your first site in the Web Site X5 application, you need to go through several simple steps. First of all, you need to decide on the design of the project (by choosing one template out of more than a hundred available), then add the required number of web pages, and then form the structure of the site, by the way, the navigation will be created automatically based on the resulting sitemap, the next step is to fill the pages with text , images, multimedia data (audio recordings, video clips, flash animation, etc.), the Drag-and-drop function is supported, the final stage is the final editing and configuration of the site before publishing it on the network.
A personal website can act as a blog, where you can record your thoughts and share them with the online community. For convenient placement of articles, WYSIWYG and graphic editors are built into the application. In addition, it contains many elements, there are interactive buttons, and different pictures and styles, and even video tutorials for quickly mastering the work process. In general, this is a complete tool for building a website that solves all technical problems (for example, creating code) without burdening users.
- Business programs
- Development of
Database .NET 26.0.6869
The free program Database .NET is a powerful database management system, with the help of it you can manage various databases, and it does not matter in which application they were created.
So, the application allows you to create databases and tables in them, as well as fetch data, update, export, delete, print tables, etc. It is worth noting the possibility of using the SQL console.
The DBMS supports the following databases: Access, DB2, Excel, Firebird, MySQL, OData, ODBC, OLEDB, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQL Azure, SQL Server, SQLCE, SQLite, etc. Thanks to this, you can manage databases that were created in other popular applications.
- Business programs
- Development of
Android Studio 3.2.0.26 build 181.5014246
The free Android Studio program (created by the well-known Google company, which gave us many wonderful services, software products and devices) is a full-fledged application development and testing environment for the Android mobile operating system. This IDE contains many tools for quickly and efficiently creating applications, for example, it includes an Android SDK, all versions of Android OS, an emulator that allows you to run programs and the necessary tools for testing and debugging code.
Android Studio can rightfully be considered the official development tool for Android, and if you have previously created applications in other environments, then this platform provides the ability to transfer your projects and ready-made applications to it, and for this, a specially prepared manual has even been prepared. Moreover, after porting, you have access to tools for checking performance, i.e. you can evaluate the performance immediately after the transfer and do it later after optimization, and then compare the indicators.
- Business programs
- Development of
The free Resource Hacker program is a useful and highly functional tool that allows you to display content, as well as extract, add, modify and delete resources in executable files of EXE, DLL and RES file formats.
Using Resource Hacker, you can find and, if necessary, replace icons, cursors, images, text strings, as well as play music files in MIDI and WAV formats that are contained in executable files.
This software provides extensive options for exporting data to various types of files, such as script files, graphic files, binary and resource files. To perform these and any other operations, you can use the menu or command line.
- Business programs
- Development of
Inno Setup 5.6.1
- Business programs
- Development of
My Visual DataBase 4.0
The free My Visual DataBase program is a flexible database development environment. Thanks to it, users who do not know how to program will be able to create a working application for the Windows operating system using databases.
The developed application will help you solve both simple and complex tasks; it can be a kind of reference book or a full-fledged accounting system. And the reporting tool will allow you to get reports in any convenient form.
It is noteworthy that the developed application does not require installation and additional components, so it can be easily launched from any external storage medium, be it a USB flash drive or a removable hard drive, etc.
- Business programs
- Development of
TurboSite 1.7.1
TurboSite is a useful program that helps users quickly create an HTML website or interactive tutorial. The application is remarkable for its simple, thanks to this, even beginners who do not understand the intricacies of the HTML markup language can work with it.
Despite its simplicity, the Turbo site allows you to get a very functional website with JavaScript support, such a site can have a feedback form, the ability to comment, polls, etc.
To get a working site in the program, you need to specify the template you like (design), create the necessary web pages, add basic information about the website (name, description, etc.) and the necessary blocks, for example, containing statistics counters. Everything, the site has been created.
- Business programs
- Development of
Android SDK (Android SDK) 24.4.1
The free Android SDK is a powerful software development environment for the Android mobile platform. With the help of the tools of this software, you can create and test applications and games for smartphones, tablets, smart watches and other devices based on the Android OS.
Android SDK is able to emulate the operation of a real device, in it you can immediately test how the created applications work while using the camera, wireless communication protocols (3G, Bluetooth, EDGE, GPS and Wi-Fi), accelerometer, compass, sensor and other technologies that are supported real Android devices.
As a result, you will receive a stable application that can be placed on the Google Play Market, moreover, it can be done directly from this product. The Android SDK development environment supports working with multimedia content (audio, video and images) of different formats,
Currently on the software market, the most common and purchased are such visual programming environments as Borland Delphi, С ++ Builder, Visual Studio 2005 Standard Edition.
1) Borland Delphi is a proven product for developing applications in the WINDOWS 95/98/2000 / Me / NT / XP environment. Its popularity in the software market is due to the following factors:
Borland Delphi is a combination of classic programming principles and modern technologies. Delphi combines visual tools for rapid application creation, a high-performance (up to 350,000 lines of code per minute on the Pentium 90) compiler for an object-oriented language, a component-based development environment architecture, a scalable database access mechanism;
the ability to reuse once created code, thereby reducing the time and effort spent on development;
fast compiler makes the development process interactive;
real machine code runs 10-20 times faster than interpreter-based systems;
the highest development speed is achieved through the use of a set of built-in components, visual design and debugging tools RAD - Rapid Application Development;
the prototype turns into a target system without rework;
applications and components are created using one tool - the object-oriented programming language Object Pascal;
The working language of Delphi is Object Pascal, a programming language that includes an error and exception handler, which can significantly increase the stability and reliability of the program. Increasing the likelihood of code reuse due to the principle of inheritance of visual forms and other new features of this tool, among which the most prominent are update caching, filters, background query execution, work with various data formats.
It is also worth noting the high speed of compilation, which significantly reduces the cost of debugging individual parts of the program. Compiling on the Pentium architecture also increases the performance of a system built in this environment. The ability to use API functions directly as well as indirectly increases system resilience among developers of large applications using the full power of the Windows operating environment.
In addition, a significant advantage of Borland Delphi software is the knowledge base of the language, laid down even during programming in early versions of Pascal for DOS, given that the structure and semantics of visual programming have not undergone any changes.
The Borland Delphi IDE is based on numerous built-in functions and classes from a class library framework known as the Visual Component Library (VCL). Most of these classes are actually descendants of other VCL classes. They allow:
Use graphics to create standard Windows controls, windows, and applications.
support database applications, which consists in organizing access to databases (dBase, Paradox, ASCII, Access) and data management from applications through database processors such as Borland Database Engine (BDE) or ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) from Microsoft and also develop client-server applications for databases based on SQL servers.
develop Internet applications and Web server extensions.
create your own components, dynamic link libraries (DLLs) and packages, develop COM applications.
use the mechanisms of ActiveX and OLE Automation - high-level software technologies based on COM.
Conclusion: Delphi is a productive and productive environment for creating applications, which is due to the following aspects: the speed of the compiler and high speed of compiled programs, flexibility and scale of the underlying architecture used.
2) C ++ Builder, like Borland Delphi, belongs to RAD_systems.
C ++ Builder has the same capabilities as Delphi, however, it also has significant advantages, such as: visual development environment, has a number of additional functions compared to Delphi, which facilitates and accelerates application development; the presence of a library of STL templates (Standard Template Library); MFC library support (Microsoft Foundation Classes); the ability to import and further compile Visual C ++ applications that work with MFC; more, in comparison with Delphi, the volume of service functions; flexibility and extensibility of the C ++ language, due to the ability to overload operators, create template libraries, etc.
The advantages of C ++ Builder include:
- - versatility, brevity and relatively low level;
- - Adequacy to the majority of system programming tasks.
However, it should be noted that C provides only means of sequential control of the course of computations: a branching mechanism by conditions, loops, compound instructions, subroutines - and does not contain means of multiprogramming, parallel processes, synchronization and organization of coroutines. Almost all UNIX applications are written in C.
The disadvantages include the syntax of the C language, due to its flexibility, it can make the program code difficult to read and does not contain means of multiprogramming, parallel processes, synchronization and organization of coroutines.
Conclusion: C ++ Builder is a universal programming language with a compact way of writing expressions, modern data management mechanisms and a rich set of operators. In addition, C supports data abstraction using the class mechanism and provides object-oriented programming and allows you to enter your own data types appropriate to the problems at hand.
3) Visual Studio 2005 Standard Edition
This version of Visual Studio is an entry-level professional tool. It combines the simplicity of Express versions with the powerful development tools you need to:
- - creating business applications using the languages Visual Basic, C #, C ++;
- - creation of Windows - and web applications, applications for portable devices;
- - creating client-server applications using web services, and applications for working with data, for which there are built-in tools.
Visual Studio also allows you to:
- - use the ability to generate reports SQL Reporting Services to format the output data;
- - expand the capabilities of Visual Studio using third-party tools;
- - to create corporate web applications of a divisional scale, using tools for debugging and precompiling sites.
It is also worth noting the support of the CLR (Common Language Runtime) multilingual application development environment. This opportunity appeared thanks to the universal interlanguage interface Common Language Infrastructure, or CLI, which supports the development of software components in various programming languages.
At the same time, the undoubted advantage for programmers is that they can develop (or modify) software in the most suitable programming language. Here one should take into account the nature of the problem (say, recursion or symbolic processing is more natural to implement in a functional programming language, and formalization of the domain structure in an object-oriented language).
The Visual Studio 2005 development environment uses Microsoft.net technology (pronounced dot-net) - a software technology for creating both conventional programs and web applications.
Therefore, firstly, the main service capabilities for developers that the .net environment provides (debugging, code analysis, etc.) do not depend on a specific programming language, and, therefore, programmers do not need to re-comprehend the features of the development environment if required switch from one language to another. For example, a service written in C ++ for Microsoft.net can access a class method from a library written in Delphi; in C #, you can write a class that inherits from a class written in Visual Basic.net, and an exception thrown by a method written in C # can be caught and handled in Delphi. Each library (assembly) in .net has information about its version, which allows you to eliminate possible conflicts between different versions of assemblies. Secondly, in spite of the fact that not all programming languages are supported by .net yet, it is possible to independently develop a translator for any programming language, and this does not cause difficulties even for programmers who have practically no professional training in the field of compiler development.
With the capabilities of the Microsoft Visual Studio.net development environment and the Microsoft.net Framework specification, Microsoft provides developers with the most efficient tools for rapidly building and deploying modern XML applications and Web services.
The Microsoft.net platform, with the help of Visual Studio.net and the .NET Framework, will enable faster development of software applications and services.
Conclusion: Visual Studio.net today is one of the most productive and productive environments for creating applications, due to the following critical aspects:
universal interlanguage interface;
the quality of the visual processing environment;
speed of the compiler and high speed of compiled programs;
flexibility and scale of the underlying architecture used.
General conclusion: the Borland Delphi programming environment was chosen for the development of the application program, since Borland Delphi has all the tools to meet the challenges.