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Inkscape split line segment equal parts. Selection and transformation

The contour menu contains a number of very useful functions for working with contours. You can find a complete list of features in the menu "Circuit".

How to work with paths in inkscape

The menu for working with contours is called Contours

Let's consider a group of the most frequently used features:

For training, let's create a couple of objects: circle - purple fill, no stroke and rectangle - green fill, no stroke. You can, of course, choose your own settings. In this example, the rectangle is above the circle.

The first on the list is the operation "Sum". It is easy to guess that a new shape is formed by the operation of combining (the sum) of two shapes. Select both shapes with the mouse and apply Contour - Sum

The color of the new shape will be the color of the bottom object.

Let's change the order. Select the rectangle and press the key page down- thus we will lower the rectangle down. Let's do the summation again: make sure that the color of the new shape will be the color of the lower shape.

When you set a stroke, the new shape gets the stroke color of the lower shape.

Next operation Difference. We draw two triangles: blue and red, red below.

Select both shapes and "Contours" - "Difference".

As you can see, an area equal to the overlapping area of our shapes has been cut off from the lower figure. The color is inherited from the bottom shape: as for:

Crossing leads to the formation of a figure, the shape and area of which are equal to the shape and area of the figure along which the two original figures intersect

For clarity, the upper triangle is partially transparent. Then we apply to the same objects Contour - Intersection and observe, of course, a rhombus:

In this case, not only color is inherited, but also, for example, transparency, blur.

Operation Exclusive or leads to the fact that a new shape is formed by combining the two original shapes and removing the area along which they intersect:

Contour - Exclusive or

Next operationDivide . This operation is very similar to Difference, however, the part that was previously removed when Dividing saved and can be used.

Exercise 1... Change the order of objects.

Select a star;

Execute command"Object / Drop";

Select a rectangle;

Execute commandObject / Bring to Front.

As a result, you will get the following order of objects: rectangle, ellipse, star.

Assignment 2... Perform mutual alignment of objects.

Select objects;

Execute command"Object / Align and Arrange ...";

In the dialog box that appears (Fig. 20), select the object relative to which the alignment will be performed;

Align objects using the vertical and / or horizontal alignment icons.

Grouping, combining and summing objects

There are three ways to combine multiple objects into one: grouping, combining, and summing.

At grouping objects are combined into one group and treated as one object. They remain independent of each other and can be separated at any time. If you make any changes to the group, then these changes will affect every object in the group.

Assignment 3... Group objects.

Select objects to be grouped;

Execute commandObject / Group;

Grouped objects can now be converted as a single object.

Assignment 4... Ungroup objects.

Select a grouped object;

Execute commandObject / Ungroup.

At amalgamation the selected objects are merged into a new object that has a single outline and a single fill. The object in the background determines the path and fill parameters. The common parts of the objects become transparent. Merged objects can be separated, but they do not retain their original characteristics.

Assignment 5... Combine objects.

Select objects to be combined;

Execute commandContours / Merge .

Assignment 6... Split merged objects.

Select the merged object;

Execute commandContours / Split .

Summation does not preserve the contours of objects and removes all parts of them that overlap each other. The object in the background determines the outline and fill parameters for the summed group of objects. Summarized objects cannot be split.

Assignment 7... Summarize objects.

Select objects to be summarized;

Execute command"Contours / Sum".

Intersection and exclusion of objects

Intersection and elimination operations are performed on only a pair of objects.

The object in the background determines the outline and fill parameters of the new object.

Assignment 8... Intersect objects.

Execute commandContours / Intersection.

Assignment 9... Exclude objects.

Select two intersecting objects;

Execute commandContours / Difference.

The program allows you to work with paths, shapes, text, gradients and imported graphics.

Supported document formats:

# aptitude install inkscape

Changing the scale... The easiest way to change the scale is with the - and + keys. You can also use the middle mouse button click (Shift + click to zoom out), or rotate the mouse wheel while holding down the Ctrl key. You can also enter the desired scale in the input field in the lower right corner of the window and press Enter. And finally, on the left panel there is the Zoom tool, with which you can change the scale by dragging the mouse over the desired area.

Document properties(Shift + Ctrl + D). You can resize the canvas, for example, to fit the content. Install the grid.

Node editing tool... Call by clicking F2... You will see several gray squares on the outline - nodes. These nodes can be selected in different ways: with a mouse click, Shift + click or a dragging selection - just like objects are selected with a regular selection tool. You can also click a path segment to automatically select adjacent nodes. The selected nodes become highlighted and show their levers - one or two circles connected to the selected node by a straight line segment. Paths are edited by dragging their nodes and control levers. You can insert nodes in any part of the path by double-clicking the mouse or by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Clicking at the desired point of the path. You can erase nodes by pressing Del or Ctrl + Alt + Click. When deleting nodes, the program will try to preserve the outline shape. If you don't want this, use the Ctrl + Del combination. Alternatively, you can duplicate selected nodes (Shift + D). The contour can be broken in place of the selected node (Shift + B), and when broken, connected back by selecting the ends of the contour and pressing Shift + J. Each node can be sharp (Shift + C) - this means that both levers of a node can move at any angle independently of each other; smoothed (Shift + S) - this means that the levers of the node are always on a straight line and mutually dependent when turning; symmetric (Shift + Y) - almost the same as smooth levers, but the levers are also the same length. When changing the node type, you can keep the position of one of the two levers by holding the mouse cursor over it, so that only one lever is rotated / scaled to match.

XML editor(Shift + Ctrl + X). You can edit your drawings and look at the changes in the Introduction to XML tree, or vice versa, you can edit any text, element or node attribute in the XML editor and see the result of the actions on the canvas.

File> Import(Crtl + I). Inkscape allows us to embed the imported file into our development svg file (default action). Or you can link the file to ours, in which case Inkscape will not store a copy of the file inside the SVG file, but will only save a link to the imported file.

Path> Object to Path- you can convert any shape to a path, but the reverse transformation is impossible.

Instruments

Selecting objects

Select the selection tool. Now click on any object on the canvas. You will see eight inverted arrows around the object. Now you can:

drag the object itself with the mouse (press Ctrl to move strictly horizontally or vertically)

resize the object by dragging any of the arrows (press Ctrl to maintain the original ratio of width and height).

Clicking on the object again changes the appearance of the arrows. Now you can:

rotate the object with the mouse using the corner arrows (while holding down Ctrl, the object is rotated by angles that are multiples of 15 degrees),

bevel an object using non-angled arrows.

You can use the input fields on the top panel to set the exact coordinates (X and Y) and dimensions (W and H) of the selected objects.

While holding down the Shift key, multiple objects are selected. Esc deselects any existing selection. Ctrl + A selects all objects in the document.

Duplicating and cloning an object

Duplication object (Ctrl + D). The duplicate is positioned exactly over the original object, becomes selected, and you can immediately move it with the mouse or arrow keys.

When creating a duplicate of an object (duplication), we get an exact copy of the object - its duplicate. In this case, each take is a completely independent object, which can be further changed in an arbitrary way. In this case, the changes made are not reflected in any way on the original object, or on other duplicates.

The situation is different with cloning.

Cloning object - its exact copy associated with the original object. All changes to the original object are propagated to its clones. At the same time, changes in an individual clone are not reflected in any way on the original object or on other clones. To clone an object, select the original object and select the clone - create clone item from the Edit menu. The clone is placed over the object and becomes selected. Just like a duplicate, it can be moved using the mouse or arrows.

Modifying the clone does not affect the original in any way, but changes to the original, such as object size and / or fill color, are immediately reflected in the clone.

Patterns can be created from clones. To do this, select the original object and select the item Clone - Create pattern from clones from the Edit menu.

Logical operations on objects

The commands on the Path menu allow you to combine two or more objects using Boolean operations. Difference and Exclusive OR operations can only be applied to the two selected objects; others can be applied to any number of objects. The resulting object always uses the style (fill and stroke) settings of the lower object. The sum merges two objects and makes one of them. Using the XOR command looks similar to the Merge command, but the difference is that XOR adds nodes where the original paths intersect. The difference between the Split and Cut Path commands is that the former cuts the continuity of the lower object with the outline of the upper object, while the latter cuts only the stroke of the lower object and removes the fill (this is useful for cutting the strokes of non-filled objects).

Copying a style

If the style of one object (for example, a square) needs to be changed to the style of an already configured object (for example, a circle), you need to select a circle, press Ctrl + C to copy the circle. After that, select the square and press Shift + Ctrl + V to apply the style of the copied object. Instead of pasting a new circle into the artboard, the style of the copied object will be applied on the square.

Layers

Layers(layers) are often used to divide parts of one image into parts. All layers are ordered relative to each other, so one layer can be the background for another and at the same time hide the third.

The "Layers" panel is called by the keys Shift + Ctrl + L or you can use the buttons at the bottom of the Inkscape interface.

The "Layers" panel allows you to:

You can select a layer by clicking on its name in the list of layers. You can work with the selected layer.

The layer can be renamed. Double click on his name.

If you click on the image of the eye of glory on the name of the layer, the layer can be made invisible. You can use both visible and invisible layers. By hiding the layer, we get the opportunity to work with the layer lying below, you can also hide the layers created as drafts and for storing comments!

The image of the castle to the left of the layer name allows you to make the layer non-editable and non-selectable, they say "lock" the layer. This is extremely useful when working with complex images, as a lot of everything will accumulate in the course of work. You leave the layer you are currently working with editable and block editing of other layers, in case you accidentally ruin something in them.

The arrow buttons at the bottom of the window allow you to change the position of the layer relative to others. You can move the layer in steps to the bottom or up, or move the layer to the very top or bottom using the arrow and bar buttons. The layer is at the top of the list, above the other layers, the layer at the end of the list is the lowest.

The Plus and Minus buttons allow you to add and remove layers, respectively.

Opacity allows you to change the transparency of the layer, this is very useful for all kinds of effects. This is also useful for working note layers. I prefer to use the calligraphic brush tool on the left side of the screen, on a separate draft layer. Then I can take the whole layer, make it partially transparent, move it to the very top, then lock it. This way I can finalize my main drawing with a visual representation of the new layer.

Drawing tools

Rectangle

With the rectangles and squares tool, you can draw a rectangle by moving the mouse across the canvas and holding down the left mouse button. If you hold down the ctrl key while doing this, you get a square. By changing the parameters Horizontal Radius and Vertical Radius on the panel above, you can get a square with rounded edges (the same thing, but with less precision, can be done using round corner handles). To undo the rounding of an object and return it to its original state (rectangle), you can click the Not rounded button on the property bar.

Ellipse

With the circles, ellipses and arcs tool, you can draw an ellipse by moving the mouse across the canvas while holding down the left mouse button. If you hold down Ctrl key, you get a circle(holding Ctrl will keep the proportions of the shape as they were at the beginning, only the size changes. Holding Shift + Ctrl will resize the circle from its center, not from the opposite corner.

By changing the Start and End parameters on the panel above, you can get a segment of the circle (the same, but with less precision, can be done with the help of round corner markers). By selecting the Open arc check box, you can turn the wedge into a segment. To return an object to its original state (ellipse), you can click the Make whole button on the property bar.

Stars and polygons

By moving the mouse across the canvas and holding down the left mouse button, you can draw a polygon. By changing the Radius Ratio parameter on the top bar, you can get various shapes, from a convex polygon (with a value of 1) to a star with very thin rays (with a value of 0.1). You can also change the number of corners and the degree of rounding. Each polygon contains two diamond-shaped handles. They allow you to change the shape of the polygon in various ways. For example, you can get interesting shapes by rotating an inner or outer handle around the center of the shape.

Spiral

The spiral tool lets you create simple and logarithmic spirals. On the parameters panel, you can change the number of spiral turns, the degree of "untwisting" (nonlinearity) and the value of the inner radius

Pen and Pencil

The Pen and Pencil create what are called outlines. Circuit is a sequence of straight line segments and / or Bezier curves, which, like any other object in Inkscape, can have its own fill and stroke parameters. Unlike shapes, a path can be freely edited by shifting any of its nodes (not just the predefined levers) or by dragging a segment of it.

Menu Text

The text can be positioned along any curve. To do this, select the required text and the curve at the same time and select the Place along the contour item in the Text menu. The text will be positioned along the curve, starting from the left edge of the curve. In order to remove the text from the outline, select the Remove from outline item in the Text menu.

This is by far one of the most interesting topics in any vector editor, including this one. The essence of combining or merging objects is that several objects are combined and turned into one object. Consider the differences between combining objects and grouping them:

When grouping, all objects in the group retain all their original properties: fill and stroke color, stroke style;
A group of objects can be scattered into their components at any time;
In a group, you can select a separate object (with Ctrl pressed) and perform various operations with this object, for example, change the color of the fill or stroke, move it to another place in the picture, etc.

First of all, it must be said that only a few objects can be merged. It is impossible to merge one object, since this action becomes meaningless. That is, in order to merge several objects, not only must more than one be drawn, but also at least two must be selected.

In order to merge several objects, they must not only be selected together, but also partially superimposed on each other.

After merging, the objects lose their previous parameters and become a curve.

When selecting multiple objects to merge them, always remember the order in which they are placed in the stack of objects on the layer. For all variants of combining, the properties of the object that is in the stack below all the selected objects are important, that is, the fill and stroke color, the stroke style.

Plain text frames and connection lines cannot be used in merge operations. In addition, imported pixel images cannot participate in this merge operation.

We will take a rounded rectangle and a regular octagon as objects for merging (Fig. 44). The stroke width of the rectangle is 3 pixels, and the stroke weight of the octagon is 5 pixels. The rectangle is below the octagon. This means that the properties of the merged object will be imported from the rectangle.

Command Difference or the key combination Ctrl + - removes the object's areas overlapped by the overlying selected object (or objects) (Fig. 46). The number of selected objects cannot exceed two.

Rice. 46. Subtracting objects

Command Crossing or the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + * creates a new object that includes the intersection of two or more objects selected before merging. If more than two objects are selected, then it is necessary that all the selected objects have an intersecting segment. If there is no such segment, then the command is ignored. There can be only one overlapping fragment.

The command or key combination Ctrl + ^ makes intersecting areas transparent. Pay attention to the combination of the lettering with the octagon - it seems that the overlapping pieces of steel are painted white. In fact, this is not the case - they have become completely transparent. If we now create a rectangle, paint it in any color except white, and make it as a background for the combined curve, placing it back, we will see that the rectangle is visible through the transparent fragments. The number of selected objects cannot exceed two. This command is most effective with text (Fig. 47). In a similar vector editor, CorelDRAW, this command is called Combine. When working with text, be careful with the stroke thickness of the bottom object, as a stroke that is too thick on the text can look ugly.

Command Divide or the key combination Ctrl + / for each selected object, starting from the lowest in the stack, an exception is performed, that is, cropping. In addition, a new object is created, which includes the area of intersection of two or more objects selected before merging. This command combines the commands Difference and Crossing(Fig. 48). The number of selected objects cannot exceed two.

Command Cut contour or the key combination Ctrl + Alt + / cuts the path at the intersection of the selected objects. The number of selected objects cannot exceed two. The lower object turns into a contour, that is, it has no inner fill and the inner part of such an object is completely transparent. The contour left over from the lower object is divided into several independent objects. Received objects are selected by default. Each object is surrounded by dotted lines. Therefore, it is very easy to understand where the cut boundaries of the resulting contour are. Deselect all the resulting contours, select each object in the form of a contour and, grabbing the object in the section with the mouse, move it to another place in the figure (Fig. 49). We specially showed objects after cutting a path and disconnected paths. The dash-and-dot line shows each outline well.

Rice. 49. Cut contour

Most merge commands cannot use more than two selected objects. If you need to combine more than 2 objects, then the union operations must be performed sequentially in pairs.

The figure (Fig. 50) shows an example of creating a frame around an image. First, 2 rectangles of different sizes were created. The difference in their sizes is just the frame around the image. Then both rectangles were selected and the command was executed Circuit→. The smaller rectangle is now transparent. After that, the photo was imported and resized to a reasonable size. Frame with tool Selector() was fitted to the photo so that the borders of the photo overlap the frame at least in the middle of the border of the frame. The photo has been lowered to the bottom of the object stack (). Then the tool was selected The form() and with its help all nodes on the frame are selected. The borders of the box are straight lines, but to bend those lines, they must first be turned into curved lines. This can be done by clicking on the button Make Selected Segments Curved(). After that, new points were created on the inner face of the frame and with their help the inner faces were curved. After that, the frame was filled with a texture reminiscent of old paint. The opacity of the frame is 100%. As a result, an image was obtained with the original frame (Fig. 50). The frame stroke is transparent.

Outline menu

Outline an objectallows you to show the nodes of the contour of an object. When you create a shape, for example, a rectangle, with the selection mode (), the shape will have setting nodes (two squares for resizing and two circles for setting corners).

If you apply this mode, then two nodes will appear per node.

If you move them, then this figure will change. You can also move the boundaries to another location. The figure shown below will not consist of straight lines, but of curved lines.

Outline a stroke allows you to remove the fill and leave the outline. Let's say there was a drawing from a shape - a rectangle. It has mounting nodes (two squares for resizing and two circles for setting corners).

After applying this mode, we get.

In the image, you can see that the inside and outside of the stroke are covered with nodes that you can drag. In the previous mode, the nodes were referenced throughout the stroke, and in this example, there are nodes on the outside and inside.

The figure shown above also consists not of straight lines, but of curved lines.

Vectorize rasterallows you to create a path in a bitmap. Let's open a bitmap photo (formats. png,. tif,. jpeg etc.) and select it.

Let's use this mode and a contour will appear on top of the photo, which can be moved.

The mode window contains the following parameters (shown in the figure below).

In order for the transformation to be performed, click on the button OK and then close the mode window by clicking on the button with a cross ().

You can also see the outline in the left part of the mode window, for this you need to click on the button Refresh and OK ... Unfortunately, this does not always give a new picture and you have to restart the mode. On the left side there are options for creating a path, for example, Reducing brightness... On the right is the threshold value. Consider the resulting contours.

For Reducing brightness, value 0.3

For Reducing brightness, value 0.6 (there are more outlines).

For Defining edges, value 0.65

For Defining edges, value 0.15

For Defining edges, value 0.10

For Color quantization, value 8.

For Color quantization, value 15.

For Brightness steps, value 8.

For In colour.

For Grayscale.

After executing this mode, you can reduce the number of nodes using the combinationCtrl+ L(it is possible several times).

The following modes allow you to perform operations on multiple objects. Suppose you have the following original drawing with two rectangles to select.

Sum

Difference intersection

Exclusive OR

Divide

Cut contour

To combine allows you to combine several contours into one.

Break up allows you to split the contour created by the previous mode into separate contours.

Draw in allows you to retract objects (they become smaller by moving the path along the perpendicular).

Pull out allows you to extrude objects (they become larger in size by moving the path along the perpendicular).

Dynamic retractionallows you to resize an object by perpendicular displacement of the path. After the start of this mode, a rhombus will appear on the object.

If you pull on it, the shape of the object will change (increase or decrease).

Bound Retract, as well as the previous mode, sets a rhombus on the figure, moving which you can change the size, displacing the contour along the perpendicular.

If you drag the rhombus, the size of the shape will change. In this case, the original figure will remain. If you increase the size, apply this mode, increase the size, we get.

You can resize not only the last made contour, but also the previous ones. In this case, the contours that are made will also change their size. To do this, you need to click on the desired shape (you can use this mode again) and a rhombus will appear on the stroke of this shape, which you can drag.

Simplify reduces the number of nodes in the shape. Create a curve with a pencil ().

Then we switch to the node editing mode ().

As you can see, the curve has a lot of nodes. In order to reduce the number of their nodes, you can use this mode.

An alternative to this mode is to use the keysCtrl+ L... If you press these keys quickly, the number of nodes can be reduced.

Expand allows you to expand the shape. That is, if a straight line had a beginning and an end, then after the execution of this command they will change places.

Contour Effects Editorallows you to change the outline of the shape. In order to use this mode, you need to select a shape (one) and apply this mode. The mode window will appear on the right side of the window.

Let's say we have a rectangle shape.

You can apply various effects to it, which are available in the drop-down menu. After selecting the mode, you need to click on the button Add .

These can be the following effects (first, the figure with examples of the effect is shown, then the list of parameters) (you can apply several different effects to the figure):

Internal shading,

Envelope deformation (allows you to change the outline by dragging along the diamonds located at the corners of the shape. To make the diamonds appear, click on the button - in the effect parameters) ,