inputThe optical disk is designed for. Lecture on the topic: Optical discs
If suddenly the mouse crashes while working on a computer or you have one device on two PCs at once, you will have to work without a wired or radio-controlled assistant. In this case, use convenient keyboard shortcuts.
Working with a computer without a mouse
In the event of a mouse breakdown, you can enable the keyboard pointer control mode. It can be turned on both with the mouse, which functions, and without it. Hereinafter, we are talking about Windows 7/8/10 and the latest versions of MacOS.
In windows
Open the "Accessibility" section in the "Control Panel"
Click on the “Change mouse settings” button.
Check the box next to “Enable pointer control from the keyboard” and click “Apply”If you need to control the pointer from the keyboard, but the mouse is not nearby, press the key combination Alt (left) + Shift (left) + Num Lock.
Without activating this mode, the user can use the following combinations of system-specific keys:
Using the system keys on the keyboard, you can control the mouseVideo: how to control the cursor without a mouse
On macintosh
Keyboard cursor control is activated through the Mouse Keys menu of the Universal Access panel. The control functions are taken over by the digital horizontal of the keyboard:
On the Macintosh keyboard, control keys take on the number keysVideo: Using Mac OS Hot Keys
Computer power management without a mouse
You can restore the functionality of the mouse by turning off or restarting the computer or laptop. Key combinations will help you complete these steps.
Windows
Unlike older operating systems, pressing the combination of Ctrl + Alt + Delete in Windows 7 will bring up a window offering: launching the “Task Manager”, rebooting, entering hibernation mode or turning off the computer.
To turn off the computer, just click the "Exit" button
PC lock is also possible. After selecting the desired action with the arrows, press Enter and wait for the process to complete.
Pressing the Alt + F4 combination will also turn off the computer. First, all active applications will be closed in turn, and then the operating system itself will shut down.
Video: how to turn off the computer using the keyboard
Macintosh
To safely shut down your computer, you can use the keyboard shortcut Control + Command + Option + Power or Eject for devices with an optical drive.
To safely shut down your computer, you can use the combination Control + Command + Option + Power
No shutdown confirmation is required - the shell will do everything by itself.
If you need to put MacOS to sleep, use the combination Control + Shift + Power. After waking up in some cases, the system will require you to enter a password.
Working with text without a mouse
If the user does not like to be distracted by the mouse while working with text, then using hot keys will be most welcome. The table below contains basic combinations for working with textual information. Separately made combinations used in the office suite Microsoft Office 2013, where the standard formulas are changed.
Combinations are relevant for most standard applications. Third-party developers can use their own solutions. It will not be superfluous to study the help.
Table: keyboard shortcuts for working with texts
Work with programs and files without a mouse
The policy of hot keys when working with software is thought out taking into account the ease of remembering and the speed of activation of the functional. Not without reason, popular functions are called up by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl buttons on Windows and Command on a Mac with a letter.
If you don’t like to be distracted by the mouse when working with documents, then the keyboard shortcuts with Ctrl will come to the rescue Traditionally, a specific operation is caused by the first letter of its English name. For example, the copy function is activated by calling Ctrl + C (from the English word Copy). By a similar principle, such combinations (Ctrl / Command in front we will omit):
Some function names contain previously unused letters or those that resemble tools for performing a given operation, for example:
Alt key
Windows users may have noticed that some letters in the application menu are underlined. If you press Alt and then the underlined letter, you can get an invitation to select an option.
You can change the language in some programs using the combination Alt + Shift Consider the example of "Explorer" for files and folders:
Also, in most programs, changing the language is done by Alt + Shift. Depending on the choice of the left or right key, the direction Russian-English or English-Russian is adjusted.
Keyboard browser controls
Basic browser management options in Windows:
Some browsers may have differences. Examine the browser help system for the hot keys (F1 is called).
Video: how to open a browser without a mouse
Special abilities
The right mouse button can be replaced by the F10 key on a Windows keyboard. When you activate the combination Shift + F10, you will get access to the context menu. Pressing F10 reopens the first item in this list. In some programs, the action shows letters for convenient transition between function panels in Alt mode.
If the mouse works, but the wheel does not scroll, the Page Up and Page Down keys, which move the cursor up or down, respectively, will help ensure movement.
How to play without a mouse
Most games support the ability to play without the mouse. A wide variety of games involves the use of all kinds of keyboard shortcuts Ctrl (Command), Alt (Option), side keyboard and service F-line. Move arrows are responsible for movement, and game combinations of actions depend on the genre. You can find them in the tooltips at the first stage of the game or in the help system.
The article discusses the main points that happen to every owner of a PC or Macbook. The topic of computer control without a mouse is relevant and deserves to be written in a separate encyclopedia, so you will have to return to it repeatedly.
Hi friends! Although optical drives are gradually losing their relevance as a storage medium for PCs, they continue to be used. Today I will tell you what types of optical disc drives exist and a little about their characteristics.
About the device of laser carriers
By design, all drives for working with laser discs are similar: the drive is inserted into a special tray and rotates there, thanks to the spindle drive. A special laser head, moving to various areas, reads the recorded information.
The data is encoded as follows: the carrier is coated with a layer of special material on which the recess can be burned out or left intact. A “groove” or “tubercle” by a computer is perceived as zero or one — however, like any other information.
The same principle was used for floppy disks, only one and zero were encoded by areas of magnetization or its absence.
The diameter of all optical drives is standardized at 120 mm. There are also mini-disks for which a special recess is provided on the drive tray. 
The amount of information that a disc can hold depends on the thickness of the track on which it is recorded, that is, on the thickness of the writing laser, and is determined by the sensitivity of the material.
Today, three types of drives are used, which vary in capacity:
- CD - 700 Mb;
- DVD - up to 8.5 GB;
- Blu-ray - up to 50 GB.
The main types of drives
Drives are divided depending on what types of drives they are able to work with:
- CD-ROM - can only read CDs;
- CD-RW - already knows how to record them;
- DVD-ROM - reads the previous format, as well as DVD;
- DVD / CD-RW - a combined version that can read DVDs and burn CDs;
- DVD-RW - reads and writes both types of drives;
- DVD-RW DL is the same, but capable of burning dual-layer discs;
- BD-ROM - reads Blu-ray media
- BD-RE - also knows how to record.
Worth mentioning are HD DVDs and their respective drives. The standard was developed by Toshiba, in conjunction with NEC and Sanyo. Standard size drives accommodated up to 15 GB of data. In order to put an end to the “format war”, they refused to develop and support HD DVD in 2008.
Today, such drives and disks are a rarity, since they are almost never used anywhere else.
It is also problematic to get a workable CD drive - maybe the second-hand one. In connection with the loss of relevance format, do not bother - focus on DVD or Blu-ray.
External and internal
In addition, the drives are distinguished by form factors - they are built-in and external. 
The internal device is mounted in a special 5.25-inch bay located on the front panel of the computer case. There are usually several such compartments.
You can install several different drives, but why? One workable one is enough. Moreover, today, in fact, it is not needed, as I described in more detail in the article "".
External devices usually have more compact dimensions. As is the case with many portable devices, designers are trying to bring some "zest", creating an attractive design for the buyer.
Functionally, they are no different - they are connected using the USB port. Installing drivers is usually not required. This option is convenient because the drive can be used with several computers simultaneously.
In the case of a netbook or compact laptop that does not have a built-in drive, an external drive is the only way to copy information from an optical drive.
Keep in mind that despite the presence of adapters and other "chips", smartphones and tablets do not support such drives, as this is not provided by their operating system.
You can find all types of drives, as well as other computer accessories at the most pleasant prices, in this wonderful online store. I also advise you to read the publications "" and how they are.
Thank you for your attention, friends, and see you in the next article! Do not forget the newsletter to keep abreast of updates.
A storage medium in the form of a plastic or aluminum disk, intended for recording or (and) reproducing sound (CD), images (video disc), alphanumeric information, etc. using a laser beam. Recording density 108 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
A disc containing digital data read using optical technology. [GOST 25868 91] Topics equipment. perifer. processing systems EN optical disk information ...
OPTICAL DISK, in computer technology, a compact storage device consisting of a disk on which information is recorded and read using a laser. The most common form is CD ROM. Audio CDs also represent ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
A storage medium in the form of a plastic disk, intended for recording and reproducing sound (CD compact disc), image (video disc), alphanumeric information, multimedia (CD ROM, DVD), etc. using a laser beam. The first optical ... ... Encyclopedia of technology
A data carrier in the form of a disk of transparent material (glass, plastic, etc.) with metallized metal. a layer on which rum using the method of digital optical recording formed microscopy, recesses (pits), forming together spiral or ring ... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnical Dictionary
A storage medium for recording or (and) reproducing information using focused laser radiation. It consists of a rigid (usually optically transparent) base on which a light-sensitive or reflective layer is applied and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
147 optical disk: A disk containing digital data read by optical technology Source: GOST 25868 91: Equipment peripheral for information processing systems. Terms and Definitions … Glossary of terms of normative and technical documentation
According to GOST 25868–91, “Equipment peripheral for information processing systems. Terms and definitions, "- a disk containing digital data read using optical technology ... Record keeping and archiving in terms and definitions
A storage medium for recording or (and) reproducing information using focused laser radiation. It consists of a rigid (usually optically transparent) base, a light-sensitive or reflective layer is applied to the ruy and ... ... Natural History. encyclopedic Dictionary
Blu Ray (BD) discs are the next generation of storage media for storing high definition video (HDTV) and high-density data. The Blu Ray standard was jointly developed by a group of companies producing consumer electronics and computer ... Technical Translator Reference
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The speed and reliability of modern recorders will be envied by any Formula 1 car. ComputerBild tells how data gets to CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
Recording music and films to optical media is a familiar process, like using magnetic cassettes twenty years ago, it only costs a lot less. What is the difference between media types and how is information recorded on them?
Stamping and burning
In the industrial production of discs with music, films or games, recording data on a medium is carried out by stamping - this process resembles the manufacture of phonograph records. Information on disks is stored in the form of tiny indentations. Computer and household DVD recorders perform this task differently - they use a laser beam.
The first recordable optical media were CD-Rs with write-once capabilities. When saving data to such disks, the laser beam heats the working layer of the dye consisting of dye to about 250 ° C, which causes a chemical reaction. Dark opaque spots form at the laser heating spot. This is where the word "burn" comes from.
Similarly, data is transferred to a DVD with a write-once option. But on the surface of rewritable CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs, dark dots are not formed. The working layer of these drives is not a dye, but a special alloy. When heated by a laser to approximately 600 ° C, it passes from a crystalline state to an amorphous one. Laser-exposed areas have a darker color, which means other reflective properties.
Information carriers
The discs intended for recording at home have the same thickness (1.2 mm) and the same diameter (12 or 8 cm) as discs, data recording on which is carried out industrially. Optical media have a multilayer structure.
Substrate. The basis for the disks, which is made of polycarbonate, is a transparent, colorless and fairly resistant to external influences polymer material.
Working layer. For recordable CDs and DVDs, it consists of an organic dye, while for recordable CDs, DVDs (RW, RAM) and Blu-ray discs, it is formed by a special alloy capable of changing the phase state. The working layer is surrounded on both sides by an insulating substance.
Reflective layer. To create a layer from which the laser beam is reflected, aluminum, silver or gold are used.
Protective layer. They are equipped with only CD and Blu-ray discs. It is a solid lacquer coating.
Label.A layer of varnish is applied on top of the disc - the so-called label. This layer is able to absorb moisture, so that the ink that appears on the surface of the substrate during printing dries quickly.
Differences between CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs
These media have different characteristics. First of all, a different capacity. A Blu-ray disc can hold up to 25 GB of data, on DVD you can save 5 times less information, on a CD - 35 times less. Blu-ray drives use a blue laser to read and write data. Its wavelength is about 1.5 times less than in DVD and CD drives of a red laser. This allows you to record a much larger amount of information onto a disk surface of equal area.
Media Formats
The following types of optical media are currently on the market.
Cd-r. Recordable CDs can hold up to 700 MB of information. There are also 800 MB disks, but they are not supported by all recorders and household players. On an eight-centimeter miniCD, you can record 210 MB of data.
CD-RW. Recordable media has the same capacity as a CD-R.
DVD-R / DVD + R. Recordable DVDs hold 4.7 GB of information. miniDVD with a diameter of 8 cm - 1.4 GB.
DVD-R DL / DVD + R DL. The prefix DL means Dual Layer (DVD-R) or Double Layer (DVD + R), which corresponds to a two-layer medium. Capacity - 8.5 GB. On an eight-centimeter disk fits up to 2.6 GB.
DVD-RW / DVD + RW. Single-layer media of this type can withstand several hundred write cycles. Like a write-once DVD, the rewritable disc capacity is 4.7 GB and that of 8 cm discs is about 1.4 GB.
DVD-RAM These media have the same capacity as single-layer DVDs. There are two-layer discs that hold twice as much information. DVD-RAM can withstand up to 100 thousand recording cycles, but only a few DVD players work with these discs. Data is recorded not on a spiral track, but by sectors on ring tracks, as on a hard disk plate. Labels defining sector boundaries are clearly visible on the surface of DVD-RAM - by their presence it is easy to distinguish this type of media from others.
BD-R / BD-R DL. The abbreviation used to refer to recordable Blu-ray discs. BD-R media has one working layer containing 25 GB of data. BD-R DL are equipped with two working layers, therefore their capacity is 2 times higher.
BD-RE / BD-RE DL. Rewritable Blu-ray discs are designed for 1000 recording cycles. They can hold the same amount of data as on non-rewritable media.
"Plus and minus"
The presence of “plus” and “minus” media is a consequence of a long-standing war of formats. Initially, representatives of the computer industry relied on the “plus” format, while consumer electronics manufacturers promoted the “minus” format as the standard for recordable DVDs. Modern recorders and players support both formats.
None of them have obvious advantages over the other. Both types of media use the same materials. Therefore, there are no significant differences between the "plus" and "minus" disks of one manufacturer.
Recording quality
The recording quality of media of one format can vary significantly. Much depends on the recorder model used. The speed of recording plays a large role: the lower it is, the lower the number of errors and higher quality.
Recorder and Media Compatibility
Not every recorder is capable of recording to discs of all formats without exception. There are certain restrictions.
CD recorders. Cannot work with DVD and Blu-ray discs.
DVD recorders. Burn CDs and DVDs but do not support Blu-ray format.
Blu-ray recorders. Record both on Blu-ray, and on any CD and DVD.
Disc signatures
It is better to sign the carrier on which the information is posted, so as not to confuse subsequently. There are many ways to do this.
Printable discs. The top side of these discs is varnished. On such a surface, you can print text and images using inkjet printers and multifunction printers equipped with a special tray. For the price of the wheels do not differ from the usual.
Signature using a recorder. The recorder's support for LightScribe or Labelflash technology allows you to apply monochrome images and text to the surface of specially designed media. True, the process can take up to 30 minutes, and the cost of LightScribe discs is approximately two times higher than the cost of conventional discs. Labelflash-enabled media is even more expensive.
New LabelTag technology. Developed by the manufacturer of recorders Lite-On and involves the application of text on the working surface of the disk. Thanks to this, the need to use special media disappears. However, disk space is wasted up as the text is applied directly to the track. Yes, and the inscription is well read only if the areas with text are in sharp contrast with empty fragments.
Handwritten signature. To do this, you need to purchase special markers with a soft, rounded at the end of the rod and solvent-free ink. Other markers can cause surface corrosion and scratches.
Using stickers. You can print stickers on any printer. However, gluing them is not recommended, as this often leads to damage to the surface of the disk, and therefore to loss of data. It may happen that the label comes off during disc playback. In this case, damage to the optical drive is likely.
Data storage period
Disk manufacturers often indicate a shelf life of data on media of 30 years or more. However, such a duration is only possible under ideal storage conditions - in a dry, cool and dark place. Recording quality should be high.
With frequent use, the life of self-recorded discs is significantly reduced. During playback, media are exposed to high temperatures and mechanical stress. Data loss can also be caused by scratches or contamination.
Transferring information to disk
All optical media except DVD-RAM has a spiral track that runs from the center of the disc to the outer edge. Information is recorded on this track with a laser beam. When burning, the laser beam forms tiny spots on the reflective layer - pits (from the English pit - pit). The areas that were not exposed to the laser are called lands (from the English land - surface). Translated into the binary data storage system language, pita corresponds to 0, and to land - 1.
When playing a disc, information is read using a laser. Due to the different reflectivity of pits and lands, the drive recognizes dark and light areas of the disk. Thus, a sequence of zeros and ones from which all physical files without exception are read is read from the medium.
With the development of technology, there was a gradual decrease in the wavelength of the laser beam used in recorders, which significantly increased the focusing accuracy. The track has become narrower, the pits have become smaller, and a larger volume of data is placed on an equal-sized disk area. The shorter the wavelength, the smaller the distance between the working layer and the laser.
Media Production
Using an example of a DVD, ComputerBild describes how optical media is manufactured and how the production of other types of discs differs.
1. For casting a plastic substrate, polycarbonate, heated to 350 ° C, is fed into the mold by injection molding. Using the matrix, a microscopic spiral path in the form of a groove (Pre-Groove) is created on the surface of the base. Not only data is recorded on this track - it also contains a signal to synchronize the recorder spindle drive. After cooling the substrate to 60 ° C, a central hole is made, then the temperature drops to 25 ° C and further processing begins. DVDs usually consist of two polycarbonate layers 0.6 mm thick each. For single-layer recordable DVDs, only one of the layers is subjected to further processing, as described in steps 2-3, and for double-layer DVDs, both. CD and Blu-ray discs have only one layer with a thickness of 1.2 mm.
2. The working layer of recordable CDs and DVDs is created by centrifugation. Using a dispenser, dye is injected onto the surface of a disk rotating at a constant speed in the region of the central hole and is evenly distributed on the surface of the carrier.
3. The reflective layer is applied to the disk by ion-plasma spraying. In a vacuum chamber, an aluminum, silver or gold plate is bombarded with charged ions that knock out metal atoms from it - it remains on the surface of the working layer of the disc. For rewritable CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, all working and reflective layers are created using ion-plasma spraying. In four chambers, a first insulator layer, a working layer, a second insulator layer and a reflective layer are sequentially applied to the disk. In the production of Blu-ray discs, these operations are performed in the reverse order.
4. Two polycarbonate substrates stick together. On CDs and Blu-ray discs, a varnish coating is applied instead of the second base, which is dried under an ultraviolet lamp. The varnish coating of Bly-ray discs is particularly durable, while DVDs do not need a protective layer of varnish.
5. At the last stage, the blanks receive a label, and an absorbent layer of varnish is applied to discs that can be printed on a printer.