entranceWhat configuration file. Configuration files
The Linux operating system unlike Windows does not have a common registry for storing the system settings, all settings are stored in configuration files. Most of these files are posted in the / etc / folder.
Settings of most system and third-party programs are in these files, it can be settings for a graphics server, login manager, system services, web server, initialization systems.
Only part of the configuration files are located in other folders, such as the work environment setting files in the user's home directory. The beginners are very important to understand that they are responsible for those or other configuration files so that if necessary, it is very quick to navigate. In this article, we will look at the main configuration files of Linux, their location and purpose.
In fact, there are no configuration files in the Linux system itself. Since the operating system is just a set of programs and a kernel, all these files were created by certain programs and are read by them to configure behavior. Most files that we used to consider standard are the initialization system or other system utilities.
As I said, most files are posted in / etc. The name of this folder is decrypted as "Et Cetera", which from Latin means "and others" or "and so on." First, let's see the contents of the / etc linux directory:
There are many different files here. Then we will consider the appointment of many of them. The list is sorted by alphabet.
1. / etc / adjtime
This configuration file is responsible for setting up system time format and read by the SystemD-Timedated service. Time can be represented in two options: Local - the time of the current time zone and UTC - the time of Greenwich. You can manually change the value or use the TIMEDATECTL utility.
2. /etc/bash.bashrc.
This file belongs to the bash command shell. This is not a completely configuration file - and the script, its contents is performed when the Bash instance is started to adjust the shell. Similarly, the contents of the file ~ / .bashrc for each user.
3. / etc / crontab
6. / ETC / GROUP
25. / etc / sudoers
/ etc / sudoers is a setup file. This utility allows you to execute commands on behalf of other users, including on behalf of the superuser. But only those users who are spelled out in this file can use it.
26. /etc/sysctl.conf.
This file is responsible for execution. Here you can specify all the parameters from the subsystem / SYS / and they will be saved after rebooting.
27. /etc/vconsole.conf.
This file has only one goal - set the encoding, keyboard layout and default font for all virtual consoles running by machine.
28. /Boot/Grub/Grub.cfg.
This Linux configuration file is not in / etc due to its special purpose. It contains all the bootloader settings, menu items and other parameters, so it must be accessible before the root file system was connected.
conclusions
In this article, we reviewed the main Linux configuration files that are in the / etc / folder. Perhaps any important files, in your opinion, are missed, then you will definitely tell about them and their purpose in the comments!
Task profile using the command line - the method is far from always convenient. Even when working with the most command line, the environment is used to save the settings to not specify them every time and for any team. What to talk about complex system services whose properties should be saved not from a session to a session, but constantly (including when rebooting the system). The output is simple: the profile must be kept in the file, such as what is created by the "Save Settings" command.
However, the approach to the storage of the profile in the file, in which the user cannot change this file is directly, but uses "smart" configurators, it is convenient only in cases where the settings are many, and the cost of error is small (for example, when setting up the appearance of the desktop). In general, it is quite difficult to set behavior systems based on the description (frequently implicit) properties of the fact that this system should receive as a result. In other words, from the description of what should happen, it is not always possible to automatically conclude how it must be obtained.
Configuration file.. A text file containing the settings of some part of the system (utility, demon, etc.). As a rule, it is read by it when starting. Typical for Linux method of organizing profile.
In short, if there is configuration file., There must be the editing tools for this file. Considering that a highly developed storage system is implemented in Linux processing (both manual and automatic) data in text form, to invent some kind of new format is like to reinvent the bike. Moreover, it is the text that divided into strings and words is best suited when there is a clear division of the profile on control objects and their properties (for example, the settings of some daemon and the values \u200b\u200bof these settings). In addition, Linux text editors are canceled with the structured texts: vi, Emacs, etc.
[Email Protected]: ~ $ cat .vimrc SO $ vimruntime / vimrc_example.vim "Some Mappings Map: Wall! ^ M Map! ^ o: Wall! ^ M" Tune Up Set ShiftWidth \u003d 2 Tabstop \u003d 8 History \u003d 200 Viminfo \u003d "50 Set Showmode ShowMatch Showcmd Ruler Modeline Set Autoindent Ignorecast SmartCase Set Nohlsearch NoincSearch Set Dir \u003d / Var / TMP SET Wildmode \u003d List: Longest, Full Set Wildmenu "Coloring Syntax On Colorscheme Desert Example 12.2. Settings Editor Vim.
That's what looks like configuration file. For VIM, written by Methodius on the basis of the file taken from Gurevich. It is easy to notice that the file consists of command line commands VI command line with comments (unlike most Linux utilities, in VI comments begin on ""). Symbols "^ o" and "^ M" - this is the corresponding control characters (inserted in a text file using "^ V", see lecture 9). Such configuration file. Easy to understand and change.
As already seen, the set of environment variables is a special profile to which all the launched programs are sensitive - this is its dignity. Surrounding variables are specified in the command script, which can also be considered as configuration file.). For example, in many distributions used configuration file. .i18n To configure keyboard language characteristics, message output language, etc. 2 The designation "I18N" comes from the word "INTERNATIONALIZATION", in which 20 letters, i.e. "i", "n" and 18 letters between them. :
[Email Protected]: ~ $ cat .i18n lang \u003d ru_en.koi8-r Language \u003d ru_en.koi8-r sysfontacm \u003d koi8-r sysfontacm \u003d koi8-r sysfont \u003d unicyr_8x16 dictionary \u003d russian mpage \u003d "- CKOI8-R" Export Dictionary MPAGE Example 12.3. Language feature configuration file
However, to store the settings of a specific program (not needed by everything else) surrounded - not the most successful solution: syntax that specifies the environment variable, too simple ( present_name \u003d value), and the variables themselves becomes too much, so when viewing it is difficult to select which one to which group settings are. If you try to pack all settings to the value one variable, this value will be difficult, and all the advantage of a text format will come to no. For example, standard configuration file. LS utilities (more precisely, only its color preferences) - / etc / dir_colors (it can be replaced with a personal file ~ / .dir_colors) takes about a hundred lines along with comments. The LS command uses not this file, but the Dircolors utility being created by the variable ls_colors, the value of which is the 600-character string without any comments.
If the profile is too big, keep it in one configuration file - So, to deliver the user a dubious pleasure to disassemble this file entirely, if necessary, make a minimum change. Methods of combating uncomfortable somewhat. In particular, the ".d" mechanism already known on the lecture: the file is divided into several independent Files from each other so that it is only one of the files to edit, and the program reads everything during self-use.
Another way relies on what changeThat the user contributes to the profile, as a rule, significantly less than the volume of the entire profile. Therefore, it can be advantageous to store all default settings in some file, which is not necessary at all, and the user settings file use as it were "on top", changing the profile according to them after how the default profile is set. An additional advantage of this method is that the user can always be brought to the "big" file to find out how this or another setting is made. For example, the UPDFSTAB utility that changes the contents / etc / fstab when or deleting a removable disk carrier (for example, a laser disk), reads data from configuration file /etc/updfstab.conf. This file itself consists of the singular line: include /etc/updfstab.conf.default.What leads to the reading file with default settings, where a way to work with many removable system devices is set. If the administrator needs to somehow change the UPDFSTAB behavior with respect to a specific device, it copies the corresponding group of settings from Updfstab.conf.Default in Updfstab.conf after Strits include include .. And corrects them. The fact that these settings groups are read twice, does not play a special role: reading short files is performed quickly.
Finally, the third way to do configuration file. readable - partitioning Profile when all settings are broken into groups, each group is given its own name, and syntax configuration file It is designed so that the boundaries of the groups differ well when viewing. In essence, this method is the ancestor of the ".d" schema, where the group corresponds to a separate file, but the situation is not uncomfortable when the files are inconvenient (for example, if the groups are not fully independent, therefore it may be necessary to edit them at once). Configuration file. WVDIAL dial utilities, for example, partitioned by addressee (provider) plus a separate section "Default". Sections themselves are separated from each other headlines enclosed in square brackets:
[Email Protected]: ~\u003e cat .wvdialrc modem \u003d / dev / modem baud \u003d 115200 init1 \u003d atz init2 \u003d atq0 L0 M4 V1 E1 S0 \u003d 0 & C1 & D2 + FCLASS \u003d 0 & C1 & D2 + FCLASS \u003d 0 AUTO DNS \u003d ON MODEM TYPE \u003d ANALOG MODEM PHONE \u003d 0123456 USERNAME \u003d Fireman Password \u003d Fire! Fire! Tonline \u003d True Phone \u003d 0246813 USERNAME \u003d COP-120 PASSWORD \u003d GIMMETHEGUN FORCE ADDRESS \u003d 10.0.0.120 Example 12.4. Partitioned configuration file
The WVDIAL utility has a highly developed artificial intelligence: it deigns independently, which type of identification is used on the server. For example, "from the other side" may be the Linux terminal, which is required to first enter an ordinary input name and password, then you need to get a command line, run on server Network demon pPPD.And only after that run PPPD on your own machine. Another variant: pPPD. The server is already running, and the "UserName" and "Password" settings mean the identification information of the CHAP protocol used pPPD.. All this and many WVDIAL is able to guess, as well as WVDialConf knew how to determine which device is a modem.
However, on any artificial intelligence there is an incomprehensible life situation. On one of the servers ("DIALER HotSpace" section) also There is a program with the incarnations of artificial intelligence, which also Trying to determine what way I want to identify that called. Because these two cockpit, conclosed, everyone is waiting for anyone, while someone does not show themselves ... Helps tonline configuration, which causes WVDIAL to immediately use the PPP protocol, to which the server, thinking "Ah, PPP!", Launches with relief pPPD.. The question remains: why this useful tuning is not reflected in the documentation (I found it in the source texts of the program Gurevich)? Is it because the WVDialConf-Wvdial pair does not seem to do everything for the user, but it became, the user documentation for the developers of this program is not important?
The default settings idea can be developed. It turns out that it is convenient when the setup description is not placed in the manual, but directly in configuration file. in the form of comments. Then, when changing this setting, the user immediately sees that it represents, while it disappears the need to first find a line in the file, and then look for it in the manual. Such a common way of registration is called self-documenting Profile. For example, the /etc/man.conf file, managing the work of the MAN command, is decorated in a modified style:
[Email Protected]: ~ $ Cat /etc/man.conf. . . # Nocache Keeps Man from Creating Cache Pages ("Cat Pages") # (Generally One Enables / Disable Cat Page Creation by # Creating / Deleting The Directory Thewood Mkdir) # # Nocache # The Command "man -a Xyzzy "Will Show All Man Pages for Xyzzy. # WHEN CMP IS Defined Man Will Try to Avoid Showing The Same # Text Twice. (But Compressed Pages Compare Unequal.) # CMP / USR / BIN / CMP -S. . . Example 12.5. Self-documenting configuration file
Methodius, maybe I would not immediately understand, why the MAN command to use the CMP utility, however, in the explanatory comments, it is written: when you need to show several manuals at once, they are pre-compared, and only inconsistent are shown.
If you go even further, you can create several different files with examples of settings so that the user can take one of them and bring to the state of them. It is such a thing - a demonstration - configuration of the Methodius and turned on as default settings to your .Vimrc (in the first line). By the way, in fact, the vim profile is quite complicated, but most of its default settings are located in various directory files / usr / Share / vim. - The shape ".d / .d" scheme, where the profile files corresponding to the settings subgroups are in subdirectories corresponding to groups. The inclusion of a specific configuration file can occur implicitly: for example, the line Colorscheme Desert from .vimrc leads to reading / usr / Share / vim / Colors / Desert. Vim..
Configuration files may have a fairly intricate syntax if comply with complex data structures (such, for example, configuring IRC client IRSSI) or contain additional funds self-documenting (For example, the Lynx text www-browser text setup file is not just well documented, but also marked the same tools that are used in the browser itself to represent HTML).
Configuration file.
Configuration file.
The configuration file is a file that describes:
- structure of the software system; and / or
- Auxiliary parameters defining its specific setting.
Usually the configuration file is implemented as a text file, which is interpreted by the software system.
See also: Files
Financial Dictionary Finams.
Watch what is a "configuration file" in other dictionaries:
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Machine i386.
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Options Preemption # Enable Kernel Thread Preemption
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Options inet # internetworking
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Options inet6 # IPv6 Communications Protocols
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Options FFS # Berkeley Fast FileSystem
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Options SoftUpdates # Enable FFS Soft Updates Support
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Options UFS_ACL # Support for Access Control Lists
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Options UFS_Dirhash # Improve Performance On Big Directories
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Options MD_Root # MD IS A Potential Root Device
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Options NFSClient # Network FileSystem Client Options NFSSERVER # Network Filesystem Server Options NFS_ROOT # NFS USABLE AS /, Requires NFSClient
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Options MSDOSFS # MSDOS FILESSTEM
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Options CD9660 # ISO 9660 FileSystem
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Options Procfs # Process Filesystem (Requires Pseudofs)
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Options Pseudofs # Pseudo-Filesystem Framework
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# PCI Ethernet NICS That Use The Common Mii Bus Controller Code. # Note: Be Sure to Keep The "Device Miibus" Line in Order to Use These NICS! Device Miibus # Mii Bus Support
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Device BFE # Broadcom BCM440X 10/100 Ethernet Device BGE # Broadcom BCM570XX Gigabit Ethernet Device DC # Device FXP # Intel EtherExpress Pro / 100B (82557, 82558) Device LGE # LEVEL 1 LXT1001 Gigabit Ethernet Device MSK # Marvell / Syskonnect Yukon II Gigabit Ethernet Device NGE # Natsemi DP83820 Gigabit Ethernet Device PCN # AMD AM79C97X PCI 10/100 (Precedence Over "LNC") Device Re # Realtek 8139c + / 8169 / 8169c / 8110s Device RL # Realtek 8129/8139 Device SF # Adaptec AIC-6915 (Starfire \u003e\u003e) Device Sis # SILICON INTEGRATED SYSTEMS SIS 900 / SIS 7016 Device SK # SYSKONNECT SK-984X\u003e SK-982X GIGABIT Ethernet Device Ste # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX) Device StGe # Sundance / Tamarack TC9021 Gigabit Ethernet Device Ti # Alteon Networks Tigon I / I / II Gigabit Ethernet Device TL # Texas Instruments Thunderlan Device TX # SMC Etherpower II (83C170 EPIC \u003e\u003e) Device VGE # VIA VT612X Gigabit Ethernet Device VR # Via Rhine, Rhine II Device WB # Winbond W89C840F Device XL # 3Com 3C90X (Boomerang \u003e\u003e, Cyclone \u003e\u003e)
dTBCHEB, LPFPTCHA Yurpmshaf Lpoftpmmet Luzhezh Mii.
# ISA Ethernet NICS. PcCard NICS included. Device CS89x0 Nic # "Device Ed" Requires "Device Miibus" Device ED # NE000, SMC Ultra, 3C503, DS8390 Cards Device Ex # Intel EtherExpress Pro / 10 and Pro / 10 + Device Ep # Etherlink III Based Cards Device Fe # Fujitsu MB8696X Based Cards Device Ie # EtherExpress 8/16, 3C507, Starlan 10 etc. Device LNC # NE2100, NE32-VL Lance Ethernet Cards Device SN # SMC "S 9000 Series of Ethernet Chips Device Xe # Xircom PcCard Ethernet # ISA Devices That Use The Old Isa Shims #device Le
dBCCHEB UFEFECHSI LBTF ISA. Pooblpnshfushu at ZhBCMP / USR / SRC / SYS / i386./ CONF / NOTES, IFPWSCH KHOBFSH, LBYEY U U UFEHHEKHESK LBTFSH LLBLIN DTBCHUPN Rapdabychbafus.
# Wireless Nic Cards Device Wlan # 802.11 Support
Generic 802.11 Support. This Line Is Required for Wireless Networking.
Device Wlan_Wep # 802.11 WEP Support Device Wlan_CCMP # 802.11 CCMP Support Device Wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP Support
Crypto Support for 802.11 Devices. These Lines Are Needed If You Intend to Use Encryption and 802.11i Security Protocols.
Device An # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 Wireless NICS. Device ATH # ATHEROS PCI / Cardbus Nic "S Device Ath_Hal # Atheros Hal (Hardware Access Layer) Device Ath_Rate_Sample # Samplerate TX Rate Control for Ath Device AWI # BayStack 660 and Others Device Wi # Wavelan / Intersil / Symbol 802.11 Wireless NICS. #device WL # Older Non 802.11 Wavelan Wireless Nic.
rapdabtzlb TBMIUSTOVABSOBSPTF LBTF.
# Pseudo Devices Device Loop # Network Loopback
ufbodbthfopa HuftPKUFCHP PVTBFOPK Acquisition DMS TCP / IP. EMUM CHIST OBBRKHULBEFE TELNET YMY FTP RP PFOPEIA Localhost (at Que 127.0.0.1), FP Updaeoye RTPKDUF Yuete LFP Khuftpcchp. LFPF RBTBneft. PVSBFEMEO .
Device Random # Entropy Device
zeetbfpt Umkhukhukovy by Yuyem DMS LTYRFPZTBZhYEULPK Obabifshch.
Device Ether # Ethernet Support
ether Opecher Myshyube, Eumen XBB EUFS Uphuchbs LBTFB. According to Chlmayubef Rapdabtzlch Ufbodbtfopp PDB RTPFPLPMB Ethernet.
Device SL # Kernel Slip
sL - LFP Rapdablb Slip. Slip Village RTBLFYYUELE CHSCHFEUEO PPP, LPFTSCHEM Mesuyu Shortbikefus, Mkhyuyi Rpdipdym DMS Design Book NPD-NPDPSOFUFEK.
Device PPP # Kernel PPP
rapdablb PPP H SDTE DMS designer Dial-Up. FBLS UCHEUFCHEF CHETSIS PPP, TEBMYPCHBOPZP LLB RTYMPSEYE, YURPMSHAHAEEE TUN, RTEDBZBAEEY SPMYEYUFCHP SPNPCOFUFEK, LLB, OPPTINET, UPTUE RTY OPVIPVIPFUFY (Ekjiyuy Pwbeeois L UEFY).
Device Tun # Packet Tunnel.
yurpmshhefus RPMshpchbfemshulene RTPZTBNNOW Pveoureyuyen PPP. PVTBFYFUESH L TBDEM PPP Loise BBB DBMSheeks YozhpTNBGYEK.
Device Pty # pseudo-ttys (Telnet etc)
Ruchedp-Fetteobm \u003e\u003e YMY Imifeed-cover RPTF DMS Chipdb. Yurpmshhephus Chipdseyine Telnet th Rlogin -Uhuyusniy, RTympatsoien Xterm Oelpfptschniy Dtkhsen RTympsoisy, Flendine Lonb Emacs.
Device MD # Memory Disks \u003e\u003e
ruredep-Khuftspufchb Dyoulpch H RBNSFY.
Device Gif # IPv6 and IPv4 Tunneling
rapdablb FhoMemitfucked IPv6 Yuete IPv4, IPv4 Yuete IPv6, IPv4 YueTe IPv4 I IPv6 Yute IPv6. Huftspufchp GIF SCMSefus BCFPLPYATKHENSHN\u003e\u003e, Y VKHDAF UKDBCHBFS ZBKMSK HuftPkuffs RP Nethe OpepvipDins.
Device Faith # ipv6-to-ipv4 relaying (translation)
lFP RUPRUP-HUFTPKUFCHP IBICHBFSHCPF RBLEFSH, LPFPT Schemes of the RPUMBCH YE RETETICTBCHMSEF YI DBENPOH FTBUMSGY IPv4 / IPv6.
# The `BPF" Device Enables The Berkeley Packet Filter. # BE Aware of the Administrative Consequency of Enabling This! # Note That "BPF" is Required for DHCP. Device BPF # Berkeley Packet Filter
zhemshft RBlefpch Berkeley. LFP RUPREP-HUFPKUFCHP RPCHPMSEF RetoshpDyfs U Uphonzchek Yofhekhecuce h OtbangTyuchchku \u003e\u003e (Promiscuous) Thezzin, h LPFPTPN RTechichBfshchbefus Mavpk RBlef ChiTplepchebfemshopk UEFY (Optylenet Ethernet). BFF RBlefshch NPZHF RUSFS-Upitboo about Dyulya / Ymyi Yumed Adcobs of RTY RPNPEY.
rTYNYUBYA:
huftspufchp FBLSTBNPK DMS FPZP, UFPVCH RPMHYUFSH BDTEU РП РП ХНПмюбая y F.R. EMUM CHIST YURPMSHEFE DCHP, OE HDBMSKFE OBH PRGA.
# USB Support Device Uhci # Uhci PCI-\u003e USB Interface Device Ohci # Ohci PCI-\u003e USB Interface Device Ehci # EHCI PCI-\u003e USB Interface (USB 2.0) Device USB # USB Bus (Required) #DEVICE UDBP # USB Double Bulk Pipe Devices Device Ugen Interface Device Uhid # Human Interface Devices\u003e Device UKBD # Keyboard Device Ulpt # Printer Device Umass # Disks / Mass Storage - Requires ScBus and Da Device UMS # Mouse Device Ural # Ralink Technology RT2500USB Wireless Nics Device Urio # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player device uscanner # Scanners # USB Ethernet, requires mii device aue # ADMtek USB Ethernet device axe # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet device cdce # Generic USB over Ethernet device cue # CATC USB Ethernet device kue # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet device rue # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet Intel (R) Pentium (R) Pro NME RPLOYA RPCHPMSEF YURPMSHPCHBFSH PP 64 Zyzbvbkf Pretgfychopk RBNSFi. FreeBSD Ynef Rapdablch LFPC ChPNPTCopufy Riput UPTB PRGY SDTB PAE, Dpufhropk ChP Selui Felhay Chetuyi FreeBSD. Housing at PZTBYUYEYASN BTIFELFHTECH INTEL, OE Dembefus Oillebpzp TBMYYUISE NEFF RBNSFsFSH Ozsey Yymchschy 4 Zyzbvbkf. RBNSFSH, TBNEEOOBS couch 4 Zyzbvbkf, RTPUP DPVBChmsefus L DPUFHROP RBNSFY.
dMS FPZP, Juffsch Chlmayufsh PAE H SDTTE, RTPUP DPVBCHF RTYCHEDEOOHOOKH WFTPLh hp lpbyhtbgyposhk zbkm SDTB:
Options PAE
rTYNYUBYA:
rapdablb PAE H FreeBSD UWEUFCHF FPMSLP DMS RTPGEUPTPH Intel (R) IA-32. FBBNTS, UFP PAE h Freebsd, OE Lushcop RPMPUFSF RTPFEUFTPCHBOPI DPMCOP UBIFBFSHUS Obihydsaynus h Upufpsumy Velbieoye RP UTBSNI, Ufbwehoshkney ChPNPCOFSNY FreeBSD.
rapdablb PAE H FreeBSD Ynef Usedhaee PZTBYUYUEYAS:
rTPGUUU OE NPCCR RPMHYUFSHD DPUFHR L NEME, Yuen 4 Zyzbvbkfbn RTPUTBOUFHB VM.
dtbketchschu Huftspuch, LPFPTSCHA OE YURPMSHAF YOPETHEKUK, RTYCHEDHF L RPCTCEDUEYA YozhpTNBGY H SDTTE at Chlmayuoshchenn PAE. OE TELPNEODHEFUS YURPMSHAPHBFSH FBLYE DTBKCHETS. RP FPK RTyuyuh h FreeBSD Chlmayuo LpbyzchtbgyPoshk ZBBM SDTB PAE, YEY LPFPTPZP HDBMES Chue Dtbketsch, P LPFPTSKI YUCHUUFOP, YUFP SOUNT TBVFBAF RTY CHLMAYUEOOPK RPDDezl PAE.
oellpptpt Success Uyufenosh Reather Prodemsaf Yurpmshptoma Tehumutuch RBNSFI RP LPMYUYUUFHH DPUFHROPK ZHYYYEULPK RBNSFY. Flite Reather NPZKHF RTYCHUFY L OEOOKHOPH NUTYUTOPNH CVDSEOEA RBNSFY YA-BB Pupvelopeophek TBVPFSh Uyufenc PAE. PDYJ FBLYY RTynetpch - Retenteoobs kern.maxvnodes, LPFPTBS HTBCHMSEF NBLUINBMSOSCHPN LPMYUYUUFCHPN VNode, TBEEOPH HC SDTE. Telpneeoduhefus HufBopchyFSHI \u200b\u200bof the LFF RPDPVOSE EK Retenta Vegetable Châchojo h Blochbuff is a bobbyuyas.
chPNPCOP, RPobdpvymifus Hchechyuhufs RTPUFTBOUFCHP Chertfkhbmschoshki BDTeupch SDTB (KVA) YMY HNEOPHYFSH LBKHA-MYVP REISEEOOKH (UN. Church), LPTPTPK LSPTBCHDBOPK SUBLPE NPZMP RTYCHUFY L YEYETRBEA KVA. DMSI LFPP NPCCF VSFSH Yurpmschbobbob PBGS SDTB KVA_Pages.
h Umkhyube said Pfopufemshop RTPYCHPDIFEMSHOPUFY I. Ufbvymshopufi Telpneeodhefus Putbafshus L Uphlbuga THlpchpdufchb. UFFBUGB THLPchpduFCHB Ustecky Education YozhpTNBGY P Rapdabtzle PAE H FreeBSD.
- Recovery Mode.
Introduction
Somehow being in the search for how I fasten the configuration INI files or JSON to my server came through options, but for some reason they were uncomfortable or too simple, or bicycles. And even though I love XML configuration, but sometimes it is excessively huge files and uncomfortable for a small number of settings to write a lot of text. Once asked a friend on this topic, he threw me a library. She reminds JSON in a mixture with Yaml.The library has two interfaces: functional and object. They are very similar, since the object uses inside the functional implementation, but have some differences considered in this post.
Configure and connection
The library is in many repositories, so the installation is simple:$ sudo aptitude install libconfig8 libconfig8-dev liveconfig ++ libconfig ++ - dev
In C ++ sources is connected by the include:
#Include.
or
#Include.
Or for S.
#Include.
Configuration file.
The config file is the following type of structure:# EXAMPLE Application Configuration File Version \u003d "1.0"; Application: (Window: (Title \u003d "(! Lang: My Application"; size = { w = 640; h = 480; }; pos = { x = 350; y = 250; }; }; list = (("abc", 123, true), 1.234, (/* an empty list */)); books = ({ title = "Treasure Island"; author = "Robert Louis Stevenson"; price = 29.95; qty = 5; }, { title = "Snow Crash."; author = "Neal Stephenson"; price = 9.99; qty = 8; }); misc: { pi = 3.141592654; bigint = 9223372036854775807L; columns = [ "Last Name", "First Name", "MI" ]; bitmask = 0x1FC3; }; }; !}
The main types of records in the config are such types:
Element (SETTING) This is the minimum significant part of the configuration structure and have a key value:
Name \u003d Value;
or
Name: Value. Groups (groups)
Groups may contain any number of items, but each element must contain a unique key within the group. Recorded in curly brackets:
(settings ...) Arrays (Arrays)
Contain any number of elements, even zero, but all elements consist only of values \u200b\u200band should have the same scalar type within the array. Writes in square brackets:
[Value, Value ...] Lists (Lists)
Lists contain zero or more scalar type elements, arrays, groups or lists. Recorded in parentheses:
(Value, Value ...) Integers (Integers)
They are recorded in the usual decimal method (± 0-9) or hexadecimal form (0xa-f). But integer values \u200b\u200bare limited to the range -2147483648..2147483647 (32bit), but if large ranges are needed, the 'L' is added at the end.
3578934 897893450934L Float Floats (Floats)
Written too familiar to us
3.1415
Recording with an exponent standard with "E". Boolean values \u200b\u200b(Boolean)
Values \u200b\u200bare written as 'true' or 'false' and register-dependent (without quotes, of course). Strings (Strings)
Write in double quotes as "the usual long string recorded for example."
The following options will eventually give the same value of the string:
"The usual long string" "recorded for example"
"Normal long string" / * Comment * / "Recorded" // Comment "For example". Comments
The config is possible three familiarities in C ++: - # Single-line until the end of the line
- // also single-line until the end of the line
- / * ... * / Multiline Comment including Row Transfer
External connections (includes)
This is generally the most delicious taste.
# File: quote.cfg quote \u003d "Criticism May Not Be Agreeable, But It Is Necessary." "IT FULFILS THE SAME FUNCTION AS PAIN IN THE HUMAN" "BODY. IT Calls Attention to An Unhealthy State of" "Things. \\ N" "\\ t - Winston Churchill";
# File: test.cfg info: (Name \u003d "Winston Churchill"; @include "quote.cfg" circumtry \u003d "uk";);
Name \u003d Value;
or
Name: Value.
Groups (groups)
Groups may contain any number of items, but each element must contain a unique key within the group. Recorded in curly brackets:(settings ...)
Arrays (Arrays)
Contain any number of elements, even zero, but all elements consist only of values \u200b\u200band should have the same scalar type within the array. Writes in square brackets:[Value, Value ...]
Lists (Lists)
Lists contain zero or more scalar type elements, arrays, groups or lists. Recorded in parentheses:(Value, Value ...)
Integers (Integers)
They are recorded in the usual decimal method (± 0-9) or hexadecimal form (0xa-f). But integer values \u200b\u200bare limited to the range -2147483648..2147483647 (32bit), but if large ranges are needed, the 'L' is added at the end.3578934 897893450934L
Float Floats (Floats)
Written too familiar to us3.1415
Recording with an exponent standard with "E".
Boolean values \u200b\u200b(Boolean)
Values \u200b\u200bare written as 'true' or 'false' and register-dependent (without quotes, of course).Strings (Strings)
Write in double quotes as "the usual long string recorded for example."The following options will eventually give the same value of the string:
"The usual long string" "recorded for example"
"Normal long string" / * Comment * / "Recorded" // Comment "For example".
Comments
The config is possible three familiarities in C ++:- # Single-line until the end of the line
- // also single-line until the end of the line
- / * ... * / Multiline Comment including Row Transfer
External connections (includes)
This is generally the most delicious taste.# File: quote.cfg quote \u003d "Criticism May Not Be Agreeable, But It Is Necessary." "IT FULFILS THE SAME FUNCTION AS PAIN IN THE HUMAN" "BODY. IT Calls Attention to An Unhealthy State of" "Things. \\ N" "\\ t - Winston Churchill";
# File: test.cfg info: (Name \u003d "Winston Churchill"; @include "quote.cfg" circumtry \u003d "uk";);
With API
In this part, I will not paint all the functions, only the main, since they are generally similar, and the main nuances.Description of used functions below
#Include.
Small description of the functionality
Full description in the documentation.config_t. - Type of configuration file (this is not a record). Roughly speaking, the main container.
config_Setting_T. - The object of the configuration element. The example uses a pointer returned to the container to the desired element.
int. config_read_file(config_t * config, const char * filename) - Function reads the FileName configuration file to memory and fills the type object config_t.. You can not read from the file, and immediately "rain" in config_read_string () or give a file descriptor in config_read ()
int. config_lookup_string (Const config_t * config, const char * path, const char ** value) - searches and returns a value in the form of a pointer to a string value.on the specified path path. inside the config config.
Config_Setting_T * config_Lookup. (Const Config_t * Config, Const Char * Path) - looking for an entry inside the config over the specified inner path and returns it.
Config_Setting_T * config_setting_get_Elem. (Const config_setting_t * setting, unsigned int index) - Used for arrays, lists to return elements from it with such a number in order
int. config_Setting_Lookup_String (Const Config_setting_t * Setting, Const Char * Name, Const Char ** Value) -
Returns the value value. Daughter element name. Regarding a given recording setting.
When it is necessary to get a value in a specific set record, then type functions are used.
int. config_setting_get_int. (Const Config_Setting_T * SETTING)
C ++ API.
The same example, but on C ++. Full documentation on the site #Include.
Here the same principle as in a functional style, only before receiving data from the config, it is necessary to obtain the root element cFG.Getroot (); And then from him to turn to the rest of the elements. It is also necessary to be attentive to the fact that almost all errors are thrown exceptions.