Comparison of Baikal and Intel processors. "Baikal" approached the tests to modern Intel processors

08/17/2017, Thu, 19:24, MSK , Text: Denis Wayes

The developers of domestic processors "Baikal" conducted their deployed testing for a number of metrics. One of them favorably demonstrates the comparability of the characteristics of the Russian product with the products of world market leaders.

Positive test for "Baikal"

Domestic Processors "Baikal" for a number of parameters demonstrated performance indicators comparable to products of recognized world industry leaders.

In August 2017, the Baikal Electronics developer company conducted a full testing of the performance of its Baikal-T1 processor operating with a clock frequency of 1.2 GHz. A method was used to evaluate its properties, which provides for the possibility of systematizing the results obtained, regardless of the type of processor microarchitecture and the software platform used.

Measurements were carried out in six applications that determine the performance of both the processor computing modules and the bandwidth of the implemented function blocks: CoreMark, Dhrystone, Whetstone, Stream, iPerf, Spec CPU2006.

Testing conditions (Source: "Baikal Electronics")

"Benchmarking showed that the actual performance of the Baikal-T1 processor exceeds the estimated characteristics for the MIPS P-class processor cores, and those in turn look very beneficially compared to the X86 architecture," the test of the test "Baikal Electronics" commented on the test CNews Andrei Malafeev. From his explanation it was possible to conclude that it is about the relation of productivity to energy consumption and productivity to the crystal area.

Test results Baikal-T1 (Source: "Baikal Electronics")

At the same time, Malafeev is aware that Baikal-T1 is architecturally oriented primarily on the markets of communication solutions and embedded systems. However, from the point of view of Malafeev, good performance allows the use of the considered Baikal-T1 as a universal processor "in an extensive ecosystem, which develops for more than a quarter of a century and has significant potential on existing and only emerging markets."

Conditional comparison

As it was possible to understand from communication with Malaphaye, its company gives the highest value to the Coremark benchmark test (read about its comparison with other metrics below), which is more focused on processors for embedded systems, although it is also used for other processors of the most close destination.

The Baikal-T1 curator site is officially submitted - "Baikal Electronics" has not yet served the results obtained on its tests.

Sample conventional comparison of well-known processors with Baikal-T1 on Coremark test

The developers of domestic processors "Baikal" conducted their deployed testing for a number of metrics. One of them favorably demonstrates the comparability of the characteristics of the Russian product with the products of world market leaders.

Positive test for "Baikal"

Domestic Processors "Baikal" for a number of parameters demonstrated performance indicators comparable to products of recognized world industry leaders.

In August 2017, the Baikal Electronics developer company conducted a full testing of the performance of its Baikal-T1 processor operating with a clock frequency of 1.2 GHz. A method was used to evaluate its properties, which provides for the possibility of systematizing the results obtained, regardless of the type of processor microarchitecture and the software platform used.

Measurements were carried out in six applications that determine the performance of both the processor computing modules and the bandwidth of the implemented function blocks: CoreMark, Dhrystone, Whetstone, Stream, iPerf, Spec CPU2006.

Testing conditions (Source: "Baikal Electronics")

"Benchmarking has shown that the actual performance of the Baikal-T1 processor exceeds the estimated characteristics for the MIPS P-class processor cores, and those in turn look very profitably compared to the X86 architecture," said CNews of the test "Baikal Electronics" Andrei Malafeev. From his explanation it was possible to conclude that it is about the relation of productivity to energy consumption and productivity to the crystal area.

Test results Baikal-T1 (Source: "Baikal Electronics")

At the same time, Malafeev is aware that Baikal-T1 is architecturally oriented primarily on the markets of communication solutions and embedded systems. However, from the point of view of Malafeev, good performance allows the use of the considered Baikal-T1 as a universal processor "in an extensive ecosystem, which develops for more than a quarter of a century and has significant potential on existing and only emerging markets."

Conditional comparison

As it was possible to understand from communication with Malaphaye, its company gives the highest value to the Coremark benchmark test (read about its comparison with other metrics below), which is more focused on processors for embedded systems, although it is also used for other processors of the most close destination.

On the site of the curators of the test Baikal-T1 officially this moment Not represented - "Baikal Electronics" has not yet served the results obtained on its tests.

Sample conventional comparison of well-known processors with Baikal-T1 on Coremark test

Source: CNews Analytics

* The server was tested on the basis of two single-core processors

In this regard, CNews Analytics for clarity selected the test results of several current processors of known brands and indicated among them an estimated place Baikal-T1 (see table).

What was tested by "Baikal"

According to Malafeev, the six benchmarks presented are sets of synthetic tests with a certain mixture of instructions typical for certain applications.

"Traditional benchmarks Dhrystone and Whetstone are designed to evaluate performance central processor On calculations in integer arithmetic and floating air arithmetic, respectively, says Malafeev. - They are versatile, and can be written in different programming languages \u200b\u200b(for example, the first versions of the Dhrystone and Whetstone, published in the 1960-1970 years of the last century, were written in Fortran and Algol 60 languages). At the same time, they can use different libraries and, being assembled by different compilers, give substantially distinguished executive codes, which to some extent devalues \u200b\u200bthe performance evaluation obtained with their help. To some extent, these shortcomings are overcome by the standardization of some compiled codes (due to the version for DOS, OS / 2, Windows) ".

Coremark Benchmark, according to the expert, is focused on embedded systems and includes features such as the processing of lists, manipulation with matrices, implementation of the status automaton and calculating the CRC control code (Check Redundancy Code). It is written in the standard SI language, and unlike other benchmarks does not include any additional libraries and gives the same result.

"These advantages make this benchmark are increasingly popular, and he gradually displaces its competitors," says Malafeev. - However, Dhrystone and Whetstone are still widely used. "

The Stream test, the expert says, is a simple synthetic test program, which measures the stable memory bandwidth (in MB / s) and the corresponding calculation speed for simple vector nuclei.

IPerf is an open tool source codewhich can be used to test network performance. SPEC CPU2006 contains two tests: CINT2006 for measuring and comparing the computational intensity of integer performance and CFP2006 for measuring and comparing computational floating point intensity.

Baikal-T1, edition circulation, development cost, consumers

Baikal-T1 is a processor with MIPS architecture (MicroProcessor Worthout Interlocked Pipeline Stages) created in accordance with the concept of RISC, that is, for processors with a reduced set of commands.

The development of the processor was completed at the end of 2014, and in December "Baikal Electronics" handed over to the TSMC factory the so-called RTL product product for its release. In May 2015, the company announced the exit of engineering samples.

Then it was reported that the development was implemented with the support of the Ministry of Industry. Maternal structure "Baikal Electronics"). The specific amount of investments in the project in Baikal did not reveal.

Next, the samples were manually tested, and in "Baikal" were convinced of their performance. After that, the company at the end of the summer of 2015 submitted an application to the Expert Council of the Industry Development Foundation (FRT) at the Ministry of Industry and Communist Party to receive a thematic loan to continue the project - the launch of mass production.

In October 2015, the preferential loan was approved. At the level of own investments of the company in 288 million rubles. The volume of this loan amounted to 500 million rubles. This money "Baikal" in December 2015 placed an order for TSMC. In September 2016, the light saw the so-called installation lot at about 10 thousand processors.

In March 2017, the "Baikal Electronics" announced the emergence of the 100,000-thousand industrial batch.

The main consumers of Baikal-T1 are manufacturers of telecommunications equipment (routers, IP phones, data storage devices, etc.), computer equipment, equipment for embedded systems (industrial automation, terminals, automotive systems etc.). The volume of consumption of processors in these markets, according to the FRP assessment, is growing within 7-15% per year.

05/31/2018, Thu, 16:03, MSK , Text: Denis Wayes

"Baikal" begin to be sold in a retail in a naked form - without "kites" in the form of evaluation boards. Due to this, the price of processors for the buyer is reduced exactly 10 times.

Sales of "Baikal" in pure form

How became known to CNews, Russian processors "Baikal" are first enrolled in retail sale as independent commodity units, and not as part of estimated boards (single-board computers). On the appearance of its products in the assortment of stores electronic components "Chip and Dip" from June 1, 2018 "In the quantities necessary for prototyping and production of test samples of electronics," the editorial office reported in the domestic company "Baikal Electronics" - the developer of "Baikal".

The first and so far the only serial-produced chip of the Baikal-T1 organization (new official name is BE-T1000) was prepared.

The retail price of one processor will be 3990 rubles. Compared with Baikal's boards of the BFK 3.1 family (abbreviation: a block of functional control), which in mid-April 2018, 39.9 thousand rubles, the chip in his naked form is exactly 10 times cheaper.

"Baikal" became possible to buy in retail without load in the form of boards

Developers add that pricing policy with respect to wholesale parties is defined individually. Supplies of products in this case are carried out by "Baikal Electronics" directly to the customer.

Quality price positioning

To the question of CNews, as in terms of the combination of the proposed price and the existing characteristics of the processor, the company evaluates a new trading offer compared to other chips on russian market, Baikal Electronics was limited to a formal response. "We made a very favorable price offer - in paradigm. Performance / functionality / power consumption from our product is good positions," said CNews interlocutors.

Processor characteristics

Baikal-T1 is the so-called system on a crystal with dimensions 25 by 25 mm and the declared energy consumption of less than 5 W. It has two Supercalar P5600 MIPS 32 R5 kernels with a working frequency of 1.2 GHz. It has a L2 cache by 1 MB and the DDR3-1600 memory controller.

The chip is one port 10GB Ethernet, two ports 1GB Ethernet, PCIe Gen.3 x4 controller, two SATA 3.0 ports, USB 2.0.

Chips are produced by technological process 28 nanometers - directly at the TSMC TSMC factory. The latter circumstance determines the fact that Baikal-T1 is classified by the Ministry of Industry and Technology as a second-level Russian integral chip, and not the first, as was the case with a local factory.

Completion of the formation of a processor ecosystem

Recall that in early January 2018 - even before the revenue to sell "Baikal" in the composition of testing plates - it became known that the efforts of Baikal Electronics and the Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics (ICD) of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov on The database of the NMC Navy Laboratory of Domestic Electronics, access to which is open to all interested parties.

Using the resources of the new structure, called the Laboratory of Electronics Baikal (LEB), it is possible to evaluate the performance of the central processor and solutions based on it, as well as debugging and system software.

"Now our main goal is to reduce the cost of entry into projects for developers," said Konstantin Shcherbakov, director of the marketing and sales department "Baikal Electronics". - We will do this by improving the quality of documentation, creating a software set, updating and distributing instructions for application (Application Notes) and sketch projects (Reference Designs).

Shcherbakov is confident that at the moment from the point of view of the ecosystem, his company is already ready to support the design of clients of final products on Baikalkh: from the laboratory on the basis of the IMC MSU, to a simple purchase of a processor and debug board to create prototypes of devices.

Baikal-T1, edition circulation, development cost, consumers

Baikal-T1 is a processor with MIPS architecture (MicroProcessor Worthout Interlocked Pipeline Stages) created in accordance with the concept of RISC, that is, for processors with a reduced set of commands.

The development of the processor was completed at the end of 2014, and in December "Baikal Electronics" handed over to the TSMC factory the so-called GDS product code for its release. In May 2015, the company is about the output of engineering samples.

Then it was reported that the development was implemented with the support of the Ministry of Industry, with the involvement of the agency and the federal target program "Development of an electronic component base and electronics for 2008-2015", as well as investments of T-Nano and T-Platforms ( Maternal structure "Baikal Electronics"). The specific amount of investments in the project in Baikal did not reveal.

Next, the samples were manually tested, and in "Baikal" were convinced of their performance. After that, the company at the end of the summer of 2015 submitted an application to the Expert Council of the Industry Development Foundation (FRT) at the Ministry of Industry and Communist Party to receive a thematic loan to continue the project - the launch of mass production.

In October 2015, the preferential loan for the preparation of industrial production of the processor was approved. At the level of own investments of the company in 288 million rubles. The volume of this loan amounted to 500 million rubles. This money "Baikal" in December 2015 placed an order for TSMC. In September 2016, the light saw the so-called installation lot at about 10 thousand processors.

In March 2017, in Baikal Electronics, about the soon exit of the 100-thousand industrial batch. After that, the company ordered other circulation, but to disclose information about their volumes is not ready.

The main consumers of Baikal-T1 are manufacturers of telecommunication equipment (routers, IP phones, data storage devices, etc.), computer equipment, equipment for embedded systems (industrial automation, terminals, automotive systems, etc.). The amount of consumption of processors in these markets is estimated by Baikal Electronics, grows within 7-15% per year.

They exist! The first publicly available version of the evaluation board came to us on the test or, as the creators themselves, software and hardware complex for developers of BFK 3.1 with the SOC of domestic development "Baikal-T1" based on the MIPS P5600 Warrior architecture.

First of all, it is worth emphasizing that BFK 3.1 is a programming and hardware complex (but according to the habit of calling it just a board) for developers, and not the basis for the construction of finite products. Nobody in the right mind will not use it, roughly speaking, to build a system. First, it turns out unreasonably expensive. Secondly, this idea is rather meaningless. No, the board is needed for the development and debugging softwareWell, to assess the performance of the processor itself and its compatibility with other equipment. Compare it with single-board microcomputers like Raspberry PI or Cubiboard is also incorrect, although it is close to them.

Similar development tools are offered by other processor creators. Depending on the type and equipment, they can cost hundreds of hundreds or other to thousands and thousands of dollars. It is important that this is the first board with the Baikal-T1 processor, which is no longer a narrow circle of persons and organizations, as it was before, but practically everyone. Yes, it costs a lot - 40 thousand rubles. Expensive, but a smaller price, taking into account the relatively small volume of production, the company cannot yet offer. In addition, buyers after registering the product will receive access to the closed library of engineering documentation. They will also receive a circuitry project in Altium Designer format, which will significantly speed up and simplifies the process of creating their own software and hardware solutions based on BFK 3.1 boards and Baikal-T1 processors.

Baikal Board BFK 3.1

The actual board is equipped with a basic strapping processor. Almost all processor interfaces are removed on the fee. Not enough except port 10GBE. The board itself has dimensions of 229 × 191 mm (Flexatx). There are two SATA-3 ports on it (version 3.1 controller), one SO-DIMM connector for DDR3-1600 memory module, two gigabit Ethernet port RJ-45, one uSB connector 2.0 Type A, two USB ports mini-B (needed for debugging), one PCI-E 3.0 x4 connector. There is a 40-pin GPIO concluster (32-bit main controller).

For power you need any ATX 2.0 power supply with a power of 200 watts. This value is clearly given with a margin, even taking into account the consumption of PCI-E and SATA devices. The board has separate buttons to enable / disconnect and reset the power. The system startup is extremely simple: Install the memory module, connect the BP, connect the PC with the MINI-USB port, run the favorite terminal emulator with the support of COM ports (you will need a driver for the bridge itself). Well, all, press the ON button and select the desired item in the bootloader menu.

On the board there are two NOR-memory modules with a volume of 16 and 32 MB. The first of which is booting, in it is the actual firmware. Everything is standard: u-boot + linux core + minimal image with BusyBox. It is also possible to download over the network from the NFS or TFTP server. For embedded systems of this enough. In this case, the final product is a relatively compact fee with already soldered RAM and ROM needed The volume and pre-prepared and optimized task-optimized software surroundings. For example, you can look at the same home routers.

The second option of working with the board is the launch of a full-fledged OS. It is for them that we use for tests. Developers offer a slightly modified Debian 9 option with a kernel from an SDK. Please note that they themselves do not engage in the rebuilding of the entire software. Pre-made repositories MIPSEL-DEBIAN branches are used, so this processor does not specifically use the optimization. However, there is also an assembly of Astra Linux Special Edition for the device "Tovolga Terminal" 2BT1, in which the same "Baikal-T1" processor is installed. But they, alas, no one in open access does not lay out. Alt Linux and Buildroot support is also expected and it is possible to launch OpenWRT / LEDE.

To launch Debian, you need to take the kernel, firmware and RAMDisk from SDK. The SDK itself also includes auxiliary tools For cross-compilation, scripts for assembling ROM images and prepared VM for QEMU, where you can first debug your programs. Working with Debian 9 on BFK 3.1 So far, it is impossible to call perfectly smooth: after installation you have to dig with the settings and save part of the software, but there are no special problems with it. It is a pity that the full documentation for the board also does not exist: something will have to find out the experienced way or ask directly from the developers.

For tests, the Kingston SSDNOW V Kingston SSDNOW V for the OS and the DDR3L-1600 DDR3L-1600 memory module of the Samsung production was connected to the board. However, it is enough for acquaintance with the capabilities of the processor. There is one more nuance - due to the features of the controller, not all memory is visible, which is in the SO-DIMM module. Other important moment It concerns the basic assembly of test programs from the source code: all this was done directly on BFK 3.1. Where it is necessary, the compiler keys are indicated.

The assembly process, I must say, not always painless. Somewhere I had to dig with optimization parameters to achieve a better result. Something was successfully gathered, but in the performance fell or behaved incorrectly. At times, there were no feeling that the developers about the existence of different from X86 platforms are not suspected. And this applies not only by software. In particular, in PCI-E, most likely, modern GPUs will not earn, because, according to the creators, almost all of them require the presence of UEFI / BIOS X86. There may also be problems with devices in which inside is used, for example, the PCI PCI-E bridge.

Characteristics of the "Baikal-T1" processor

To start a short certificate about the processor itself. Baikal-T1 has two 32-bit kernels on the P5600 Warrior architecture (MIPS32 Release 5) with hardware virtualization support. Each kernel received L1-cache data and instructions with a volume of 64 KB. Both kernels account for one common L2-cache with a capacity of 1 MB.

Also, each kernel has its own FPU-block with a 128-bit SIMD support. The kernels, L2 and FPUs work at one frequency: 1.2 GHz. The processor is able to execute up to four integer operations, up to two operations on the floating point of double accuracy or four equity accuracy for the tact. That is, theoretical peak performance is 4.8 Gflplops FP64 (2 kernels of 1.2 GHz × 2 FP64) or 9.6 Gflpl FP32. However, in practice to disclose the potential (as they like to be expressed in the comments), manual optimization of the code, and the compiler, "knowing" about FPU / SIMD features is necessary.

In reality, for example, the non-optimized version of the Linpack collected by the open GCC gives the result of an order of magnitude less than the expected. The situation, generally speaking, is quite normal for new or specific (such as the same "Elbrus") architectures. This should be taken into account when evaluating the results below. Another important point concerns the sensational vulnerabilities of Meltdown and Spectre. Computing blocks in MIPS32R5 are supercore and know how to make an extraordinary execution of instructions, but there is clearly not said about deep speculativity. The kernel developers have released a warning about the possible availability of Spectre (but not MeltDown) in "clean" P5600 / P6600 kernels. According to the creators, in the case of Baikal-T1, the official code of verification does not work for the presence of vulnerability, but it is still early to talk with one hundred percent confidence. The plans are the organization of a separate hacaton to verify the safety of the processor.

With the rest of the kernel components communicate via AXI bus. All high-speed interfaces have DMA support. Actually single-channel memory controller supports DDR3-1600 with ECC. The maximum supported CPU volume RAM is 8 GB. There is another nuance - the memory controller has a data bus 32 bits and 8 ECC bits and supports working with memory chips from 8 to 32 bits. For finished products with already sold-up, there are no problems, but the fee for ordinary SO-DIMM will "see" only half of the stated volume, since they are "watching" the 64-bit interface. Well, the speed of work will obviously be lower - up to 6.4 GB / s.

Of the interesting blocks that are in the CPU, it is possible to highlight a co-processor of its own development, which allows, for example, to speed up encryption according to GOST standards (but not only) and a 10-gigabit controller. The latter, as noted above, requires separate mezzanine with the SFP port. This is done to reduce the final price of BFK 3.1, and for the development of this port is not necessary for everyone. The rest of the blocks are licensed from MIPS, Imagination Technologies and Synopsys. On the inner structure of the chip can be admired here.

Mezzanine with 10 GBE SFP for the first generation BFK. For BFK 3.1, there is no such fee now.

To power, the processor requires a voltage of 0.95 V, and the stated power consumption is no more than 5 watts. During the tests, the CPU warmed up to 60 with a small degree Celsius. The active cooling is not required for it, but in the closed case, the presence of the radiator will not be superfluous. The core frequency is dynamically adjustable in the range from 200 to 1500 MHz, but it requires support from the OS, so while in the current Debian assembly the frequency can be set at the start of the system. In any case, during operation at low load, one kernel can automatically turn off completely. Baikal-T1 is produced at TSMC factories according to 28-nm technical process. By itself, it costs $ 65. It is also important to note that this model Initially, it was developed not only and not so much for state transporters. She, according to the ideas and hopes of creators, should look like and ordinary commercial consumers who create products for the civilian sector.

Test Coremark.

Let's go directly to tests. The first in the Coremark queue is a specialized benchmark, which is used to assess the performance of processors and SOC embedded systems. Actually, it was from the announcement of a new record at Coremark Imagination Technologies and began a story about the benefits of the MIPS P5600 Warrior kernel. True, it was about a single core, which also existed at that time only in the form of simulation on FPGA and worked at a frequency of 20 MHz. Then it was about a record in the value of Coremark on Meghertz on the kernel: 5.61, but in reality it is worth counting on the value of about 5. The developers even indicated the greater efficiency of the P5600 in comparison with the desktop Intel. Formally "Baikal-T1" is the leader in recalculating megahertz and megahertz / core. In practice, to achieve performance in absolute values, manufacturers are not painted extensive methods, increasing frequencies and number of nuclei.

Alas, the base of the results of Coremark is not going too gently, so it was necessary to manually select the tests of dual chips, which would have a frequency close to the Baikal-T1 indicators and explicitly indicate that two streams are used in the test. For comparison, one four-core sample was added, and it is no coincidence. In general, it is possible to rank results at once several criteria. However, the mass of the nuances immediately appears. First, solutions and ARM, and MIPS are licensed to third-party companies, so that the implementation of one same design can differ significantly. Secondly, much depends on the optimization and code itself, and its assembly, and the runtime environment.

For our base test, GCC 6.3 was used with the following options: -O3 -DMultithread \u003d 2 -Duse_Pthread -Funroll-all-Loops -FGCSE-SM -FGCSE-LAS -Finline-Limit \u003d 1000 -Mhard-Float -mtune \u003d P5600. In the tests of the developers themselves, including the commercial environment Sourcery Codebench. Here and further in the tables adopted the following notation: "Of. test "for results posted on the site of developers; "Precomp" - to launch binary files of benchmarks sent by the CPU creators; "B / Opt." - own assemblies from source code applications open tools and indicating the keys; "Opt." - Cross compilation by SDK forces and commercial utilities for "recipes" from developers. With manual optimization, you can achieve the best indicators, which is very well noticeable in the table with the results. However, we are not worth the task of sorting out the keys and dig in the code. But the developers of software for Baikal-T1 will definitely have to do this on a regular basis.

Classic benchmarks

From the same document, you can take the results of classic benchmarks "Old School". Stream Test for Evaluation bandwidth The memory was assembled for one stream with the following keys: -mtune \u003d P5600 -O2 -Funroll-All-Loops. The result is approximately twice as smaller than the theoretical speed of the RAM operation.

All of the above about Coremark refers to the Dhrystone2 (integer calculations), which in the database was collected with a minimum key: -O3 -Funroll-all-loops -mtune \u003d P5600. Alas, as in the examples above, the measurement base does not shine with purity and accuracy. For comparison, some results were taken for 32-bit calculations with an explicit point for optimization. Unfortunately, they are not specified for them specific models Or at least generation CPU. In addition, the case is complicated by the presence of TurboBoost or similar techniques of short-term (and the test is just a short) increase in the basic frequency of the processor, which lubricates the common picture. Again, in the test, the situation with Coremark is repeated in the test - in terms of megahertz, the performance of the P5600 is not bad.

But other modern CPUs increase it and increasing the frequency, and support for 64-bit instructions, and the number of nuclei at the same time. In Whetstone, everything is the same, only the difference from the increase in flows and the use of vector instructions is still more decreasing. Oh yes, to build all this good I had to correctly correct the code, removing insignificant calls at the X86 assembler and check for the presence of X86 extensions that are only needed to identify the CPU.

For fast check Gigabit works network adapters Iperf 3.1.3 utility was used, which showed that for one-sided connections, the speed coincides with the following 940 Mbps, and in the duplex, alas, the speed was at 1.2 Gbit / s. Developers explain this to the fact that it is necessary to make a small tuning at the program level to obtain full-fledged performance.

Phoronix Test Suite.

But this idea already smacks the madness, since PTS is generally not intended for this kind of systems. The assembly occurs directly on the car tested, so in the case of Baikal-T1, it is simply painful for a long time, as well as the fulfillment of most tests. Actually, tests excluded from the set, which or so and could not compile, or would be fulfilled indecently even on "adults" PC. With the first problem, in theory, you can handle manually, customizing the assembly parameters. But we will repeat that, firstly, there was no such task, and secondly, we must not forget that the test results are hardly achieving the highest possible values.

All test results are available at this link. Strictly speaking, all the tests spent - it rather hurt for the future, so that you could later look at how much better than steel (or not) results after working on the system of assembly and / or optimizations, but now all this is not particularly compared with anything. From the curious one can only be given to the configuration of the benchmarks with Chinese Loongson Godson 3A3000 processors (4 @ cores @ 1.5 Hz, L2-kesh 1 MB, L3-kesh 8 MB, 28 Nm, 30 W). Both CPUs are similar in that they have a new architecture and problems with the optimization of the code for it. So far, the Chinese are ahead with a large margin in absolute indicators, but in the recalculation of the core, MHz and consumption everything is slightly less definitely.

Conclusion

It is gratifying that domestic developers were able to embody SOC in the "hardware" in a reasonable time on a modern architecture with good characteristics and capabilities. In addition, it is not oriented strictly on the state order and not worth the transcendental money. It's really great, whoever spoke. But the success (or failure) will actually succeed only in a year or two - it all depends on who and in which volumes will use SOC in their products. Right now is publicly told only some of them. About the Terminal "Tavolga" has already been said at the very beginning, although it is just an example of a device for civil service, as well as DEPO NEOS TWIN. Industrial PCs are presented by Fastwell CPS516 and CPC313 models, as well as the SF-BT1 module. Close down in spirit to them are the resource-30 CNC system and the module for working with microme-generic elements of optical and laser systems from digs. In addition, NSG-3000 routers and certain access points of the district, which are mentioned on the manufacturer's website are announced. All these are typical examples of the applications of Baikal-T1. I would like to see the SOL / SAN, IOT and SDR solutions.

Baikal Electronics tested Baikal-T1 processors to determine performance indicators. CNews compared the indicators of the Russian chip with Intel and AMD processors. It turned out that the characteristics of Baikal-T1 are at the level of foreign chips released 5-10 years ago.

Baikal-T1 with a frequency of 1.2 GHz is built on the basis of MIPS architecture according to 28-nm technical process. It includes a DDR3-1600 memory controller and a second-level cache of 1 MB, supports one port 10GB Ethernet, two ports 1GB Ethernet and SATA 3.0, PCIe Gen.3 x4 and USB 2.0 controller.

Testing Baikal-T1 was performed in popular benchmarks: CoreMark, Dhrystone, Whetstone, Stream, Iperf, Spec CPU2006. Testing was performed in such conditions:

The representative of Baikal Electronics Andrei Malafeev noted that the real performance indicators "exceed the estimated characteristics for the MIPS P-class processor cores, and those, in turn, look very profitably compared to the X86 architecture. The speech, first of all, is about the attitude of productivity to the power consumption and crystal area.

CNews specialists tested Baikal-T1 in the Coremark Benchmark and compared the results with Intel and AMD processors. The results were higher than expected, but, of course, the Baikal-T1 records do not put:

Recall Baikal-T1 was developed until 2014. In December 2014, the product RTL code was transferred to the TSMC factory, and in May 2015, the first engineering samples received. After that, "Baikal Electronics" tested chips and received a loan from the Ministry of Industry to 500 million rubles. By adding 288 own funds to them, the company posted an order for TSMC and in September 2016 received an installation batch of 10 thousand processors. It is expected that the 100-thousand industrial batch of chips will soon be released.