What should be the characteristics of the microphone. How to choose the right microphone - we guarantee it will be useful

Before heading to the store and buying a microphone, it's worth asking yourself: why do I need a microphone? There are the following answers to this question:
- voice recording in the studio;
- performance on stage;
- recording of acoustic instruments (guitars, fortepisano, brass, drums);
- sounding of acoustic instruments.
Various specialized microphones serve each of these purposes.

Microphones differ:
- frequency range;
- sensitivity;
- the principle of work.

By the principle of operation of microphones used by musicians are divided into capacitor and dynamic.

The main part of the microphone design is the membrane. It is influenced by the vibrations of the air of the acoustic wave.
Have condenser microphones vibrations of the membrane change the electrical capacitance. Its changes are converted into electrical vibrations at the output of the microphone. These microphones require power to operate. For these purposes, either a built-in battery or the so-called phantom power is used, when the power supply voltage to the microphone is supplied through the same wires through which the microphone is connected to the microphone preamplifier. Condenser microphones have high sensitivity and the ability to catch all kinds of extraneous sounds (shuffling feet on the floor, creaking chairs, etc.). On the other hand, condenser microphones offer excellent sound quality.
Based on these properties of condensate microphones, they can be recommended for use in studios. When recording with a condenser microphone, it is recommended to place a noise canceling mat under your feet.

V dynamic microphones vibrations of the membrane set in motion a coil (wire wound on a cylindrical base). The coil is moved relative to a stationary magnet and electrical vibrations are induced in it, arriving at the output of the microphone. No power supply required for dynamic microphones.

Microphone preamplifier it is necessary for any kind of microphones, since the level of the electrical signal at the output of the microphone is very weak and insufficient for the line input of a sound card or mixing console. Preamplifiers come in the form of separate devices and built into sound cards or mixing consoles.

Preamplifiers are transistor and tube preamplifiers. Lamps are used to give the sound a "warm" lamp coloration that can be turned off if desired. Some of these preamps can also switch to instrument preamp mode with a high impedance input.
Also, a microphone preamplifier can often be equipped with a low-pass filter, which reduces the bubbling of the voice and shuffling of feet.
The microphone preamplifier generates phantom power(switchable) for condenser microphones.
The microphone preamplifier can be equipped with a limiter - a device that limits the signal level (amplitude of electrical oscillation) at the preamplifier output. This function is especially necessary when feeding a signal from a preamplifier to the input of a sound card. Since when it is overloaded at the input, clicks appear in the digitized signal. The limiter can be built into the sound card itself.

You can listen to test recordings made on various microphones here.

In the online store www.muzbzar.ru you can buy microphones from leading manufacturers and choose the appropriate price range.

From dianmic vocal microphones musicians speak well of:
Shure,
Sennheiser.

For recording drum kits and drum sounds the following microphones are used.

The world of microphones is rich and varied. Today there are a myriad of microphones in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. If earlier the consumer could somehow orientate himself in all the variety of offers, today, with the arrival of small, little-known firms from Asia to Europe, for a person who does not closely follow the market and changes in it, the purchase of a microphone can turn into a lottery with minimal chances of winning. So, let's first figure out what they are - microphones?

Microphone types by purpose

The microphone is ubiquitous. In the phone, in the player, in the recorder, in tablet computer, in the camcorder and in the camera - all these devices have built-in microphones. However, we will be interested in microphones of a different kind.

Variety or stage microphones... Microphones of this type were originally designed for specific application scenarios. Most often, the stage in the minds of an ordinary viewer is associated with hand-held microphones with a handle with a capsule protected by a windscreen. For the most part, these microphones have a similar design, and the problem here is not in saving on design refinements, but in the desire for unification. A standard type of handheld microphone is well fixed in standard rack mounts, you can easily pick up a good replaceable windscreen for them.

In the photo, the Shure SM58-LCE is a high-quality and inexpensive dynamic microphone for vocals. Popular model.

Stage microphones can be divided into wired and wireless. In addition to handheld microphones, this group also includes headsets and lavalier microphones. Pop microphones can also be divided into subgroups according to their function. These can be speech, vocal, instrumental microphones and sounding microphones.

Reporter microphones... The scope of application of microphones of this group is clear and without explanation. Reporter microphones can be wired or wireless, handheld, headset and concealed. Models for outdoor use are usually directional, they are designed for use in windy conditions, they are not afraid of low and high temperatures. Removable and non-removable on-camera microphones can be placed in a separate category.

In the photo Rode VideoMic Pro is a wired on-camera microphone-gun with a "heel" for mounting in a standard flash seat.

Studio microphones for TV... Here, compact radio microphones-lapel microphones are widely used, hand-held microphones of a standard type are often used, as well as headsets. In addition, in TV studios, desktop PZM microphones are in use, which in professional slang are called "tablets", "frogs", "tablets". They are flat and lie almost imperceptibly on the tables of the speakers. Their task is to record all sounds above the table. In the upper hemisphere, they are non-directional. They do not cover the bottom.

In the photo RODE Lavalier is a popular lavalier microphone model in Russia. For TV shows, lectures, business speeches.

Studio broadcast microphones... This type of microphone is used in broadcast studios of radio stations and TV channels. They can be used for both recording programs and broadcasting live. Usually microphones are used here, "sharpened" for working with ordinary speech. Microphones of this type usually have a recognizable appearance, because they are designed to be installed in special stands with a shock-absorbing spider-type suspension. Quite often these microphones have a switch that changes directivity characteristics. If necessary, such a microphone can work in the mode of circular directivity, cardioids, supercardioids and "eight".

Shown here is the Neumann TLM 103 microphone - the perfect solution for broadcast needs. Quiet, copes well with powerful sound pressure.

Microphones for music studios... Here you can also distinguish certain categories of devices. These are speech, vocal and instrumental microphones. These microphones can look different. Vocal and speech are usually similar in appearance. They have a design that allows them to be mounted on special posts in holders with shock-absorbing suspensions and with the possibility of using high-performance wind deflectors.

The photo shows a studio condenser microphone Audio-Technica AT4050SM in a special suspension with shock-absorbing stretches.

Instrument microphones can look like standard studio vocal microphones and stage microphones. Their feature is the ability to perceive the details and nuances of sound while being highly resistant to powerful sound pressure. The built-in attenuator allows you to resist powerful sounds. It reduces the risk of microphone overload.

Types of microphones according to the principle of operation

In the practice of widespread use today, two types of microphones are used - dynamic and condenser. Each type of microphone has its own advantages and disadvantages, its own areas of application.

Dynamic microphones... A miniature speaker acts as the main element responsible for converting sound waves into electrical vibrations. The waves cause a diaphragm to vibrate with a coil (bobbin microphone) placed in a constant magnetic field. Coil crosses lines of force magnetic field, and induction currents arise in its windings. In addition to reel-to-reel microphones, there are also ribbon microphones. They are commonly used in studio recording. In them, the reel is replaced by a corrugated foil ribbon.

Dynamic microphones do not require additional power supply; they can be used on the stage, in reporting practice as solutions for working in the open air. They are less sensitive to temperature changes and more reliable. But in sound quality they are inferior to capacitor ones.

Condenser microphones... A capacitor is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical ones in such microphones, in which one plate is fixed, and the second acts as a membrane, that is, it can come into motion under the influence of sound waves. The capacitor is connected in series to the DC power supply. The membrane moves under the action of sound waves, the capacitance of the capacitor changes and D.C. becomes variable.

A pair of matched sE Electronics RN17ST condenser microphones, capable of handling powerful sound pressure well.

Microphones of this type require additional power - phantom. Phantom power can be supplied from the load input of a mixer or amplifier. There are microphones that use batteries for this purpose. Condenser microphones typically require 48 V phantom power to function properly.

Microphone types by spatial directivity characteristics

Microphones are divided into several groups based on spatial directivity characteristics. The most common patterns are circular, cardioid, supercardioid, and hypercardioid.

Omnidirectional or omnidirectional microphones... In the case of such a microphone, it does not matter at all how the sound source is located relative to the plane of its diaphragm. It can even be in motion. Such microphones can be used for stage sounding, because its task is to capture all sounds in space, regardless of what position the sound source occupies in it.

Cardioid microphone has certain directional characteristics. In one hemisphere, it is equally well sensitive, and in the other, its sensitivity drops. Such microphones are capable of serving one or more nearby sound sources, while the sources located in the second hemisphere are ignored. These are the characteristics of conventional stage and studio microphones for speech and vocals.

Supercardioid microphone has an elongated field of optimal sensitivity. These microphones are called directional microphones. They pick up sound from one selected source well, ignoring other background noise, however, the correct location of the sound source relative to the plane of the diaphragm of this microphone is of fundamental importance. These microphones are used by reporters working in the field, in noisy areas. Outdoor on-camera microphones for video and still cameras can have similar directivity characteristics.

The photo shows a supercardioid cannon microphone. Designed to work in adverse conditions. All-metal body.

Hypercardioid microphone or high beam microphone... Microphones of this type are capable of picking up sound even from a distant source, but its diaphragm must be strictly perpendicular to the axis that can be held between the microphone and the sound source. The slightest deviation leads to a drop in sound quality. These microphones are called guns. They are used by reporters in cases where the sound source is distant and there is no way to get close to it.

You should clearly understand that:
there are no universal microphones;
a good microphone doesn't come cheap, no matter what the vendors tell you.

A microphone should be bought strictly for the tasks that are to be solved with its help. If you want to record drum parts performed on a classic acoustic setup, then you need not one, but several instrumental microphones, initially ready for the effects of serious sound pressure.

If there is a need to record lyric vocals, then in this case one good studio vocal microphone will be enough for both tasks.

For live pop performances, for preparing reports from the streets of the city, for recording Internet podcasts or re-sounding videos - for all this, you need to choose your special microphone. What are the risks of mistakes? Overpayment at best. For example, you can buy an expensive studio microphone for recording Internet podcasts, for the normal operation of which you will need to purchase additional equipment. As a result, digital audio with a high compression ratio will be uploaded to the Web, which, when compressed, will lose the same quality for which you paid money. Another podcaster will buy a microphone specially "sharpened" for such needs, which costs several times cheaper, which connects directly to a PC via USB, because it already has a built-in audio interface. As a result, this podcaster will publish audio material of comparable quality, but with less troubles and more modest cash costs.

Another situation: you need a microphone for vocal and speech performances in the open air. A condenser microphone will work well for the warm season, but in low temperatures it will not work correctly, or even lose ground. In this case, a dynamic wired microphone will be the most effective and reliable solution. In this case, the wrong choice promises not only monetary losses.

Brand is not an indicator of quality

Today it is also impossible to buy a microphone relying only on the solidity and authority of a brand. Even the coolest microphone manufacturers are actively introducing inexpensive models for mass consumption into their range, and companies that have recently released only expensive and only professional solutions, today - are diluting their range of inexpensive microphones for hobbyist enthusiasts and home studios. Therefore, by buying an inexpensive microphone from a brand with a good reputation, you risk buying the wrong one.

Nothing has changed: good professional microphones were as expensive as they are - very expensive.

The concept of "professional microphone" has also somewhat discredited itself. Some large manufacturers, after the withdrawal of their production facilities to China, began to produce outright consumer goods among habitually high-quality products, but looking, at first glance, as a quite decent product. In addition, new categories of microphones have emerged to address new challenges, such as recording speech programs for webcasting or tracks for dubbing video clips. Such solutions are inexpensive, but they will not offer good sound quality either.

Watch the video in which Andrey BarBQ talks about choosing a microphone:

Microphones are divided into the following categories depending on their application.

Measuring microphones - used to measure various acoustic characteristics of rooms.

Concert microphones - used in live concerts and performances. They should be distinguished by increased reliability and shock resistance. There can be wired microphones and radio microphones (they give more freedom of movement around the stage, therefore, they are more convenient).

Studio microphones - used to record the sound of vocals and musical instruments... They are the most expensive, but there are also budget models for recording sound at home. The recording quality also depends on the equipment with which the studio microphone will be used.

• Vocal(acoustic) microphones - used to sound and record human voices. They are distinguished by a rise in the frequency response (amplitude-frequency characteristic) in the region of 2-4 kHz - this emphasizes the brightness of the vocals. Some microphones perform well when recording strings or wind instruments.
• Instrumental microphones - allow you to sound and record musical instruments. These microphones are characterized by an increase in frequency response at frequencies inherent in a particular musical instrument. Therefore, such models are chosen for certain types of instruments: for example, the same microphone can work better with a piano and worse with drums.

Computer microphones are the cheapest and simple models... They are mainly used for communication over the Internet, for example, in Skype, for dubbing videos. The requirements for them are much lower. First of all, microphones must be user-friendly.

There are several types of computer microphones according to the device:

• tabletop microphones are a stand with a microphone attached to it. The disadvantage is that you need to keep your head still at a constant distance from the microphone so that the sound is even;
• lavalier microphones- a construction that is attached to clothes with a clothespin. The disadvantage is distance from the head. In order for the sound to be clear enough, it is necessary to increase the sensitivity of the microphone, but at the same time extraneous sounds will be strongly audible;
• headsets- the most popular designs consisting of headphones and a microphone.

There are microphones for a laptop, phone and tablet: they differ from computer microphones only in design. They are not very popular.

Other types of microphones

Video camera microphones- are used in tandem with a video camera, for which an appropriate mount is provided on its body.

Voice Recorder Microphones- are used to work together with voice recorders. Although these devices have a built-in microphone, an external device is more effective in many cases.

Video production microphones a - are divided into two categories:

• for "field" reports - dynamic omnidirectional microphones, which are distinguished by good sensitivity;
• for studio work - condenser unidirectional or bi-directional models that provide high quality sound transmission.

Conference microphones- used in press centers, in the stands. They give good sound quality regardless of the position of the speaker in relation to the microphone, which is important for a comfortable speech.

Type of

Condenser microphones - used mainly for recording sound in a studio or home. They require additional power: either from the battery, or from the mains, or power is supplied from the connection connector (the so-called "phantom" power). Allows you to record sound with minimal distortion. Disadvantages - high price, additional food is required.

• Condenser lamp- a kind of previous microphones. They are characterized by a special "warm" sound, which is highly appreciated by many listeners and professional musicians. Used in studio work. The downside is the high cost.

Dynamic microphones - used for live sound at concerts, various events, karaoke. They are durable and resistant to drops and impacts. Advantages - low price, no additional power is required (you just need to plug the microphone into the appropriate jack), the ability to record sound with high sound pressure, for example, drums.

Dynamic tape- a kind of dynamic microphones. Differ from standard models in higher fidelity of sound transmission. The result is a velvety sound. Disadvantages: high price, bulkiness, fragility. These microphones are rare and are used in studios.

Electret microphones- similar in characteristics to capacitor models. Favorably distinguished by lower price, greater compactness, better resistance to external influences. Battery power is sufficient for some devices, while others require powerful "phantom" power.

Focus

This characteristic reflects the sensitivity of the microphone to the location of the sound source.

Types of microphones depending on directivity.

One- or bi-directional microphones- perceive sound from only one or two sides. Types of directions:

• cardioid directivity - the microphone only picks up sound coming from the front. Sounds from other sides are practically ignored;
• supercardioid directivity - the area in which the microphone picks up sound narrower than that of previous version... It also partially picks up the sound coming from behind;
• hypercardioid directivity - similar to supercardioid, but the "back" zone of sound perception is slightly larger;
• semi-cardioid directivity - typical for microphones that must be placed on any surface;
• eight- microphones with this directivity pick up sound coming from the front and back equally well, but completely ignore sounds coming from the side.

Omnidirectional- such microphones perceive sound from any point of the sound source location. Omni-directional microphone variants are devices with hemispherical directionality - they perceive sound from a hemisphere, front or back.

Some models have switch directivity, allowing you to change them depending on the use of the microphone. This is especially useful for studio microphones.

Nutrition

"Phantom"- Power is supplied through the cable between the microphone and the receiving equipment. This option eliminates the need to monitor the battery charge level. At the same time, freedom of movement depends on the length of the network cable.

Important: A receiver or amplifier that supports this power is required for the microphone to function properly. Some devices are equipped with a module that makes it possible to be powered from a regular network (220 V).

Battery- does not have extra wires and provides maximum freedom of movement, which compares favorably with the phantom method. However, this option requires regular battery recharging. It is used in electret, devices with wireless connection... Almost never found in condenser microphones.

Battery / Phantom- works from two ways of feeding. One-stop solution.

Specifications

Sensitivity- shows the minimum sound level that the microphone perceives, indicated in one of the units of measurement:

• decibels (Db)- the lower the value, the more sensitive the microphone;
• millivolts per pascal (mV / Pa)- the higher the value, the more sensitive the microphone.

Sound pressure level- shows the maximum volume level that the microphone can receive. Measured in decibels (dB). The average value is 100 dB, the increased value is 130 dB.

Frequency response- the frequency range in which the microphone generates sound. The lower the received sound, the smaller the lower value of the range should be. For example, there is enough range for vocals 80-15000 Hz, and to record drums you need a frequency 30-15000Hz.

ADC bit depth and sampling rate- ADC (analog-to-digital converter) converts the analog signal from the microphone capsule into a "digital" signal. The higher the bit depth and sampling rate, the closer the digital sound is to the original analog sound.

Indicative indicators:

• bit ADC- 16 bit (professional microphones), 32 bit (elite models);
• ADC sampling rate- 8 kHz is considered optimal. There are microphones with a sampling rate of 96 kHz, which is not always justified - increasing this parameter increases the amount of transmitted data.

Signal to noise ratio- the larger this ratio, the less the sound is distorted. Measured in decibels (dB). For good microphones, this parameter is 64-66 dB, professional models boast a value of 72 dB and higher.

Nominal impedance (impedance)- device resistance alternating current... This parameter determines the compatibility of the microphone with the equipment to which it is connected. Impedance is especially important in professional technology, but for devices paired with laptops, computers, telephones, this parameter is often not indicated.

Cable length or reach- the degree of freedom of movement and ease of use of the device depend on this parameter. The longer the wire / the higher the range of the wireless connection, the more comfortable it is to work with the microphone.

Important: Range is based on ideal conditions (including no interference, full battery). The actual value will be less. So choose wireless microphone with some margin for the radius of action.

Interfaces

XLR- such a connection is resistant to interference, securely fixed in the socket. The downside is the large size of the connector. XLR microphones are professional models where high quality signal transmission is required.

• mini-XLR- a reduced version of the previous interface. Used in more compact technology.

mini-Jack (3.5 mm)- a widespread interface. This connection provides a relatively low quality of signal transmission. For professional work, microphones with a mini-Jack interface are not suitable.

Jack (6.35 mm)- the middle variant between mini-Jack and XLR. This option provides a more reliable connection, reduces the possibility of interference. The increased size of this connector makes it more difficult to use in portable equipment. The Jack interface is most often used in karaoke microphones.

TA4F- a special connector with small dimensions. Found in professional microphones such as compact lavalier and head-mounted microphones.

USB- most commonly used in studio microphones.

Lighting / 30-pin- used in microphones for Apple phones and tablets. 30-pin - outdated interface (up to 2011 inclusive), Lighting is used in modern technology (since 2012). An adapter is required to connect these connectors.

Sometimes there are proprietary interfaces in microphones - they are used by certain manufacturers.

Functions

Wireless connection- provides maximum freedom of movement, which is important when working on stage. Unlike wired models, such microphones need rechargeable batteries, and their price is higher. Other cons: Low chance of interference, limited time autonomous work... Found in vocal microphones.

Principle of operation: the microphone is connected to the receiver using a radio channel, while the receiver itself is wired to the amplifier.

• Manual- held in the hand. It is widely used for concerts, festivals, presentations, for singing from karaoke.
• Lapel- frees the user's hands. It is mainly used when recording TV programs.
• Head- like the previous version, it leaves hands free, but is much closer to the speaker's mouth, which improves the clarity of the sound. In some situations, a headset microphone is easier to attach than a lavalier microphone - it does not impose any clothing requirements.
• Manual + head, manual + lapel- combinations of the previous types, combining their advantages.

Radio system- a wireless microphone equipped with a receiver and other accessories necessary for work. This solution is more convenient than searching for and purchasing additional equipment separately, primarily a receiver.

Flexible leg- allows you to change the position of the capsule without having to move the microphone. The rigid leg with a swivel mount serves the same purpose, but in comparison with it, the flexible analog gives a greater degree of freedom. Used in laptop microphones, computer microphones and conference microphones.

LPF- low-pass filter (Roll-off). Reduces the level of low frequencies, which improves the sound quality. As a result, the amount of interference from wind noise, human breathing, and blows to the microphone is noticeably reduced. This option is useful to control the "approach" effect (increase in the volume of low frequencies in case of approaching a noise source). Found in electret and condenser models.

Stereo recording- records sound from a microphone in stereo format. Typically, this function is implemented in bidirectional microphones, less often in paired sets.

Attenuator- reduces the signal level at the output. It is used to attenuate the sound volume in order to avoid overloading the equipment.

Mute the microphone- useful in a number of cases: when communicating via Skype, so that the interlocutor does not hear extraneous conversations; to avoid unpleasant sound in the speakers due to microphone swapping, and so on.

Sensitivity adjustment- makes it possible to change the microphone settings based on the current situation (first of all, the sound volume). In this case, you do not need to use the adjustments in other elements of the audio system.

Switching DN- allows you to select the directional pattern (DP) of a unidirectional microphone (cardioid, supercardiode, and so on). On some models this option is used to switch between different work formats (unidirectional, bidirectional, omnidirectional).

Headphone out- to connect headphones to a microphone. This option is typical for studio devices, as it helps to control the quality of vocals during recording. Most often, headphones are connected via mini-Jack.

Body material

Plastic- cheap, lightweight, corrosion-resistant material. Minus - low strength. It is used in headsets, lavalier microphones, computer, laptop models, as well as devices for a video camera.

Metal- outperforms plastic in strength. Disadvantages: high price, significant weight, susceptibility to corrosion. Used in vocal, instrumental, studio microphones.

Equipment

Transmitter (external)- a device that is equipped with miniature models with wireless connection(headsets, lavalier microphones). The microphone is connected to the transmitter, which is hung on the belt. This design of the microphone allows it to be connected to other equipment, and not just to the transmitter.

Receiver- a receiver that is found in wireless microphones. The receiver is connected to various audio equipment, for example, an amplifier for transmitting a signal from a microphone to it.

Monitor mount- used in computer microphones. A good solution when there is a shortage of free space on the table where the computer is located. This mount can also be used to work with a laptop.

Bare wire- an open section of the microphone, which is used to connect to equipment that has terminals (including a speakerphone system). Accordingly, such a microphone does not have a plug.

Display- displays information about the operation of the microphone. Most often found in wireless models, when using which it is important to know about the battery charge level, the selected channel, and so on.

Stand holder- allows you to easily install the model on a stand / tripod or remove it. This holder is used in instrumental and vocal microphones. It will come in handy in concert activities.

Anti-shock suspension ("spider")- suppresses noise in the sound from various vibrations of the microphone, caused by the steps of people or the work of equipment.

Pop filter- a round plate that is installed in front of the studio microphone when recording vocals. This screen prevents airflow noise (exhalations into the microphone) in the sound. The pop filter protects the microphone from splashing saliva, which extends its lifespan.

Detachable cable- makes it possible to change the complete cable for a longer or shorter one. This solution greatly simplifies the transportation and storage of the microphone.

Power adapter- supplies phantom power from a standard outlet (220 V) to an electret or condenser microphone. Useful if you need to connect a microphone to receivers, players and other equipment that do not have phantom power inputs.

Tripod- a miniature tripod for mounting the microphone on a table or other high surface. Such a tripod is easy to carry, but this solution is not suitable for working with a structure on the floor or ground.

When choosing, remember that if you have a limited budget and the main use of the microphone is home use, then you can limit yourself to buying a dynamic microphone. If you need to achieve maximum quality recording voice, musical instruments, it is necessary to purchase a more expensive condenser microphone.

The difficulty of choosing a microphone for vocals lies in the ambiguity of the characteristics of this device in terms of revealing the individual vocal qualities of the performer. Ideally, each user seeks to choose a model that would be most the best way emphasized the merits of his vocals and also hid the flaws. Determining how well a particular microphone can handle this task is not easy. Moreover, even purchasing the high-priced premium version with advanced performance will not guarantee it will perform well in a variety of applications. And yet, you can choose the optimal microphone for vocal if its operational properties are taken into account in the complex, not forgetting about the functional features and structural ergonomics.

Main selection criteria

The performance of the microphone makes it clear how accurately it can reveal vocal data specific model... This does not mean that it will allow you to better reflect them, but the very fact of having such a potential is the basis for choice. So, it is recommended to pay attention to indicators such as sensitivity, amplitude-frequency range and directivity features. These are the main characteristics that distinguish vocal microphones of different models. In practice, these parameters can affect the detail of the sound, the absence or presence of blockages of individual frequencies, the stability of loudness support, etc.

The amplitude-frequency spectrum in audio equipment is most often represented by the same values, therefore, no special attention is paid to this value. However, in the case of microphones, every detail counts and accounting for impulse response is essential. For example, if a microphone is selected for vocal recording, this characteristic will determine how effective the device will respond to electrical impulses. Taken together, the sensitivity, frequency spectrum and directionality type of the device will provide one or another type of interaction not only between the performer and the microphone, but also a bundle with additional equipment. Do not forget that other specialized equipment is also involved in the recording and playback process. The microphone should at least match the quality characteristics of the main equipment. Conversely, if a high-quality modern microphone was purchased, then its function may be ineffective when used in conjunction with budget equipment. For example, performance may not be revealed even if a cheap speaker cable is used.

Microphone sensitivity

The sensitivity determines the level of voltage that is formed at the output of the microphone in the process of sound exposure. In other words, it is the electrical return of the acoustic pulse received at the moment the vocal parts are played. Usually, the concept of sound pressure is used to assess this indicator, but experts still recommend using an integrated approach, that is, taking into account both the frequency of the sinusoidal signal of the sound wave and the output voltage. How does the sensitivity of the microphone affect the quality of its work? At first glance, it might seem that a high value as such indicates the possibility of unlocking the wide potential of vocal data. But this is not entirely true, and it is precisely the sensitivity that demonstrates the deceitfulness of high performance as a device.

Sensitivity only gives information about the ability of the device to pick up a signal with a certain strength, which will be expressed in the power of the feedback with sound reproduction. However, the quality of the microphone operation, precisely from the point of view of acoustic properties, minimally depends on the sensitivity, since a high degree of membrane sensitivity can be reduced to zero by distortion and interference, the significance of which also increases. Despite the vocal should be selected taking into account the optimal sensitivity index. If you are planning to perform on stage, then this figure should be high, but for the recording studio there is no need to increase the receptivity. By the way, for universal needs, the digital model will be the best choice, since it allows you to flexibly adjust the sensitivity value for specific tasks and conditions of use of the device.

Consideration of directivity parameters

In a sense, the directivity of the microphone is also related to sensitivity. The sensitivity index, as already noted, expresses the ability of a device to capture force, further converting it into voltage. The radiation pattern, in turn, indicates which side the device receives the signal from in the best way. For example, omnidirectional vocal microphones work equally well with lateral sensitivity in processing front and rear sound waves. Bidirectional models are usually side-oriented, but do not receive signals from the front or rear.

The most popular are unidirectional modifications, which provide three patterns to choose from. What does this mean in practice? These are audio capture circuits that are represented by cardioid, supercardioid, and hypercardioid patterns. However, all three options are insensitive to off-axis and rear-axis sound that comes from sources located behind or to the side. For example, a traditional cardioid chart is shaped to resemble a heart. In this configuration, the device ignores sounds in the front zone and partly from the side. The hypercardioid and supercardioid configurations differ in that they leave narrow areas of the audio spectrum to the side and to the front. A modern microphone for vocals in some versions also provides the ability to adjust the sensitivity zones. These are circular or multi-diagram models that allow you to switch the device to different capture directions depending on the application - for example, in the studio or on stage.

frequency range

The amplitude-frequency spectrum determines the range of values ​​within which the output signal will be formed. On this moment the vocal models segment represents devices operating in the 80 Hz - 15 kHz range. This is the optimal spectrum for a vocal device. If you need a professional microphone for vocals, tom toms and snare drums, then it is better to turn to the versions with a range of 50 Hz or more. Devices operating with frequencies from 30 Hz are no longer just professional, but specialized, which are used for non-standard sound recording tasks.

The frequency spectrum can be related to sensitivity. So, if the sensitivity of the signal determines how much the microphone is able to pick up the walking signal, then the frequency spectrum indicates the ability of the device to work with the transmission of the output signal to different levels... This is a very important dependence in terms of individual choice. Even with nominal support for the aforementioned spectrum, different microphones can handle frequencies in their own way. Some models work better with higher ranges, while others work better with lower ranges. Moreover, the volume of the microphone as a means of correcting the parameters of frequency processing and reproduction will not help. It is the basic potential of the ability to handle the peaks and valleys of the output signal that matters. You should also consider the so-called proximity effect. It is expressed in the fact that as the microphone approaches the sound source, the low frequency spectrum becomes more detailed and deep. In fact, this phenomenon refers to distortion, but in some cases, sound engineers use it precisely as an additional acoustic effect.

Dynamic or ribbon microphone for vocals?

The working base is a combination of an inductor and a sensing element in the form of a membrane. In the process of exposure sound signal there is a change in the voltage in the coil under the action of the membrane itself with its vibrations. Moreover, the coil operates in a constant magnetic field. It is the optimal microphone for voice and live performance. The design is distinguished by the massive body and the presence of a special mount for holding it in the hand. In terms of performance, they are guided by live recording, ignoring off-axis sounds.

In contrast, the tape-type models have a fragile design and a more sensitive internal filling, which focuses on more accurate and detailed signal processing. Instead of a membrane in such a microphone, a thin tape is used, due to the vibrations of which, the voltage indicators change. The operation of the tape device is characterized by soft susceptibility, which makes it possible to more effectively use it in sound recording, not only of voices, but also of musical instruments. However, a microphone for studio recording can also be found in lines with dynamic models. Usually these are universal devices, thanks to the settings of which you can solve various tasks.

If we talk about working with recording instrumental sounds, then it is worth paying attention to specialized modifications. For example, the same dynamic microphones are available in versions for drums, tom-toms, wind instruments, etc. Typically, such modifications are provided by a wide range of control parameters, both in terms of sensitivity and directionality of signal capture.

What makes a stage condenser microphone different?

This version of the vocal microphone is internally designed to contain a sensitive thin tape and a metal plate. This combination forms a kind of capacitor, which is charged from a mains source or battery. Direct voltage fluctuations occur due to the interaction of the vibrating tape and the plate. It is a good microphone for recording in the studio, but it does not perform well in open venues. At the same time, there are various modifications. For example, a whole line of devices designed to work with musical instruments, from strings to percussion, is popular.

In some versions, capacitor devices are supplemented with special switches that expand the acoustic capabilities of the device. Thus, the roll-off system is designed to correct the frequency range at a low level. Also, with its help, if necessary, you can lower the sensitivity - this function is especially important when using a microphone in a studio. But it should be borne in mind that additional equipment with options also increases the price tag of the model. The answer to the question of how much a microphone with a roll-off switch costs may involve amounts of the order of 40-50 thousand rubles. True, this applies to products of well-known companies famous for good quality... Wide diaphragm condenser models are also common. These versions are distinguished by their large construction and large diameters of about 3 cm. They are also intended for sound recording, but mostly for amateur needs.

Model Shure SM-58

The American company Shure is one of the leaders in the production segment sound equipment... In this case, we are considering a dynamic microphone model SM-58, which is suitable for use in concerts and in studio recording. This Shur microphone is good not only for its basic performance characteristics, but also for its design ergonomics. The developers of this company traditionally produce compact hand-held models with convenient shapes and this version fits completely into the concept of comfortable minimalism.

As for the acoustic capabilities, the filling is sharpened for deep processing of all the main shades of voice. The device works with a cardioid directional pattern, which allows you to rationally distinguish between the areas of target and external sound. Frequency response ranges from 50 Hz to 15 kHz. This spectrum allows you to count on the disclosure of the potential of vocals with a clear and transparent sound. The question of how much a microphone in this version costs will also not disappoint fans of the brand: the price tag is on average 10 thousand, which is not bad for a high-quality device of this level. Especially when you consider the presence of technological features, which are expressed both in the original design and in the arrangement of switching systems.

Model Neumann U 87 Ai

High quality and technological model designed for the professional This device some experts consider it to be the standard of studio microphones today. The device differs in several directional patterns, including circular, eight-shaped and cardioid. And if the microphone "Shur" in the SM-58 modification is more likely designed to use one specific spectrum of sound coverage, then in this case the user can use the selector to select the most suitable configuration in narrow directions. In addition, it provides for the possibility of cutting frequencies and lowering the signal. This concerns the processing of the lower spectrum.

If we talk about the design features, they are expressed in the increased size of the membrane, the use of a new generation XLR3F connector, as well as in a switchable 10 dB attenuator. This model Ideally suited for amateur tasks, since the ergonomics of adjustment and control are implemented according to the traditional scheme. But, there is also a drawback that this microphone has. The price of the device is about 220-230 thousand. For this reason, this modification is mainly used by large music studios and TV companies, which need to provide high-quality clear sound.

Sennheiser MK 8

The German manufacturer Sennheiser is rather known for traditional acoustic equipment, as well as headphones for professional and amateur use. But successful microphones often appear in the families of this brand. In particular, a good microphone performed by the MK 8 can be used both at home and in studio recordings. This is a double diaphragm condenser model that delivers accurate and smooth sound reproduction. For maximum vocal disclosure, the developers have provided the possibility of using circular, extended, supercardioid and standard cardioid directivity configurations.

Another feature of the model is also noteworthy. The fact is that the MK 8 user gets the opportunity to adapt any type of mixer to the audio path through a three-stage attenuator. In general, the set of accessories included with this model made the device almost universal, in any case, this concerns the channels for connecting the model to third-party equipment besides the mixer. Special attention also deserve high-quality filtering systems, which, if necessary, can eliminate both the mentioned effect of approaching the sound source and the effect of structure-borne noise. In general, we can say that this is a technological, functional and just a high-quality microphone. The price of the model, however, is also rather big and amounts to about 50 thousand rubles.

How to choose the best option?

When choosing a microphone, it is difficult to focus on specific characteristics without a clear understanding of the future operation of the device. So, differences in approaches to selection are determined not only by the scope, but also by the intricacies of the technical organization of the work process. The connection method and recording requirements, as well as possible external influences on the design of the device, are also important.

At the same time, in the selection of a device for universal needs, experts recommend adhering to average characteristics, still focusing on advanced technologies. For example, the standard XLR microphone jack for balanced connection is gradually being replaced by the more cost-effective XLR3F format. True, such changes mainly affect accessories and external fittings. The internal filling with the structural arrangement of the same tape membranes retains the basic configuration with the allowance of minor adjustments. In any case, count on quality implementation technical device the microphone will be needed only if you purchase a model from a major manufacturer. Even if a budget modification from a little-known manufacturer will have similar nominal characteristics, this does not mean at all that in practice the model will provide the same sound quality. However, there are such exceptions.

Conversations - both private and business; teams to partners in virtual battles; evening with karaoke; recording vlogs, podcasts and vocal tracks. In all these cases, the microphone is an essential accessory.

Sound Recording Basics

How is sound recorded? Let me explain this in a few words. Simply put, it is the conversion of a sound wave into a digital recording. For this to be possible, sounds must be captured across a membrane and then converted into electrical impulses. They are digitized by an audio recorder. Through this process, you can enjoy your favorite songs and programs every day.

It is worth noting that before digital recordings became the most popular, the method of recording sound in analog format was the most commonly used method. Recording directly to tape was an enormous amount of work, and noise and crackling would often sneak into the recording. Nevertheless, this technique is still highly respected among specialists.

Remember that the degree sound recording quality depends not only on the environmental conditions, but also on the applied technological solutions. That's why the choice of a specific microphone type is so important.

Characteristics of the main properties of microphones

Sound wave processing technology

Based on this criterion, microphones are divided into capacitor and dynamic... As you probably already guessed, both types have their uses.

Condenser microphones

They capture sound due to a thin membrane made of conductive material. It is located parallel to a fixed metal plate (called a permanent electrode), together with which it forms a capacitor plate.

As a result of membrane vibrations, the capacitance of the capacitor changes, which is accompanied by the formation of electrical impulses. They are then transferred to the registrar.

It is important to note that condenser microphones must be connected to an electrical source (for example, phantom power to transmit power from a preamplifier or mixing console using a microphone cable).

Dynamic microphones

They are simple and very durable designs. At the heart of such a microphone is a thin membrane to which a coil is attached. Both of these elements are within the generated magnetic field.

Acoustic waves cause the membrane to vibrate, resulting in voltage across the coil. The resulting pulses are received by the recorder. Unlike condenser microphones, dynamic microphones are usually in batteries.

Let's say we understand how dynamic and condenser microphones work. But how does this affect the use of such accessories and the properties of the recorded sound?

The biggest difference between dynamic and condenser microphone manifests itself in sensitivity and volume. Here the first ones get the advantage. However, it is important to mention other properties.

Condenser microphones allow you to maintain very high fidelity of the recorded sounds. They accurately respond to voice modulations and timbre changes. In addition, they are lightweight, which makes them convenient to use. A potential disadvantage is that in the case of condenser microphones, too strong sound waves can greatly affect the quality of the recording.

Due to their high sensitivity, condenser microphones also often pick up ambient sounds. Therefore, they are mainly used in recording studios, where unwanted ambient sounds can be eliminated.

Dynamic microphones have lower sensitivity and volume. However, they are excellent at handling high acoustic pressure and are durable and resistant to damage and adverse weather conditions. This makes them ideal for stage performances and while recording vocals. Also suitable for home use.

Remember that in order to connect them to your computer and enjoy really good sound quality, you need not only an adapter (XLR → 3.5mm jack), but also a preamplifier. In some situations, you will also need additional drivers to hear your voice while recording.

Microphone diaphragm size

Another feature of microphones that you should pay attention to is membrane size... Currently, condenser and dynamic microphones are divided in this respect into small diaphragm, medium diaphragm and large diaphragm.

What characterizes each of these groups?

Small diaphragm microphones record high sounds with great accuracy and fidelity. This feature is associated with high sensitivity to the slightest air vibrations.

Large diaphragm microphones are characterized by a very high sensitivity due to the large surface area of ​​the membrane. The sound registered with their help changes slightly - it becomes warmer, deeper... On the other hand, they are more prone to echoing.

Mid-diaphragm microphones combine, to one degree or another, the characteristics of the two previously presented species.

Microphone sensitivity and frequency response

Microphone sensitivity usually measured in mV / Pa (millivolt per pascal). Many people believe that the higher the value, the better the microphone. However, it is not! If you do not have an appropriately adapted room, too high sensitivity can disrupt all your plans : Undesirable sounds will be heard on the finished material, for example, a neighbor's vacuum cleaner or a car signal outside the window.

Also of great importance frequency response... This term refers to the sensitivity of a microphone to sounds of different frequencies. What does this mean in practice?

The main difference includes two frequency responses - flat and local. The graph of the first is illustrated by a simple line. Such a microphone reproduces sound without any amplification or correction in frequencies. A line with a local maximum indicates that this microphone will boost or cut sounds from the corresponding frequency. This solution is used, for example, to enhance the lower part of vocals or instruments.

Microphone directivity

Perhaps you have ever watched a report during which a journalist, although speaking into a microphone, was almost inaudible, he was drowned out by the surrounding sounds. This situation could be the result of the use of an all-round microphone that catches sounds from all directions.

Among the microphones available on the market are: unidirectional, bidirectional and omnidirectional... Let's see what characterizes each of these types.

Unidirectional microphone(eg, cardioid, supercardioid) - Captures sound waves from one direction. Has proven itself excellently during concerts and performances.

Bi-directional microphone(eg octal) - Collects sounds from two opposite directions (often from the front and back of the microphone, sounds from the side will be muted). As a rule, it is used in the implementation of programs on television, for example, during interviews.

Omnidirectional microphone- records sounds from all sides. Characterized by the most natural sounding. However, it is recommended to use it only in suitable rooms that protect against unwanted sounds.

Microphone jack type

Computer microphones use 3 types of connectors:

• Mini-jack (3.5 mm): located on the sound card.
• USB: Microphones with their own sound systems are equipped with this. You can also connect them to other devices.
• XLR-3: Mainly used in professional microphones. To connect such a microphone, you need a sound card that is equipped with an XLR-3 port or an appropriate adapter, for example, an XLR → jack 3.5 mm cable, which will be the best solution if you care about high sound quality.

Practical microphone capabilities

Volume control - Mute button

A volume slider or control and a Mute button make your daily microphone use much easier.

Thanks to the first element, you can conveniently adjust the volume without the need for software.

In turn, the Mute button allows you to completely turn off the device, which is ideal for situations in which you just want to stop broadcasting or recording.

Noise suppression

By reducing noise, you can minimize the effect of ambient noise on the recording quality. How is this effect achieved? The standard solution is to use at least two sound holes.

The first one is larger, to which the main signal is directed. The second is smaller, located on the opposite side. There is a membrane between them, which has the greatest sensitivity in the part close to the central hole. Sounds coming from other directions are perceived as background.

Noise reduction can also be achieved by using the built-in microphone, such as the ASUS ROG Strix Magnus. This small accessory actively captures ambient sounds and then transmits them to 3 capacitors, where they are analyzed. The effect is to eliminate unwanted noise.

Change in directivity

More technologically advanced microphones like the Razer Seiren Pro allow you to switch freely between different characteristics directions.

Thanks to this, you can easily customize the device to your needs, changing, for example, from a unidirectional recording method to a bi-directional one.

Which microphone is best for you

Microphone for talking

Here - at least in theory - freedom of choice is greatest. If you use a microphone to chat on Skype, and you mostly communicate with family and friends, you have a lot of choices. Both budget microphones and more complex designs are suitable here. Buying an expensive condenser microphone would be too much of a waste.

The situation looks completely different if you are conducting business negotiations, especially on foreign languages... During these conversations, the intonation and precise articulation of the vowels are of great importance. Therefore, the best choice would be. Thanks to him, your voice will retain dynamics and natural sound, and the interlocutors can easily hear the words you say.

Microphone for online games

During virtual encounters, emotions often take over. Shouts of joy, sighs and loud commands confirm your participation in the gameplay. You need a microphone that is strong enough to withstand high acoustic pressure.

Highly good choice will small diaphragm condenser microphone with noise canceling function... Dynamic microphones will also live up to expectations. Of course, if they are properly connected.

Microphone for karaoke

If you enjoy spending time singing your favorite songs, then you know that choosing the right microphone is essential. A device that is low grade or misconfigured will not only fail to provide satisfaction from the process, but will also pick up all the ambient noise.

To avoid this scenario, select (unidirectional or bi-directional) dynamic or condenser microphone... This will give you the confidence that the sound will be captured from the direction that is most important to you.

Record video stream, podcasts and vocal tracks

Your voice should reflect emotions, sound natural and expressive. Besides, everything should be clear. Noise, crackling, ambient sounds are undesirable. Therefore, for such a situation, a microphone of really high quality is needed. Best suited unidirectional condenser microphone... If you record with others, good option can become a bi-directional microphone.

When recording vocal tracks, the microphone requirements are even higher. We recommend investing in a professional microphone. For example, a large diaphragm capacitive unidirectional microphone or a dynamic unidirectional microphone that is very well suited for live performances in front of a web audience.

It is also important frequency response... If you want to target or limit sound to a specific range, check the charts provided by the manufacturers. Based on these, you will estimate how your voice will sound.

Useful microphone accessories

Recording accessories make it easier to use your microphones every day. Here are some practical things you will need to know.

Microphone tripod

Tripods often come with a microphone. As a rule, this is the basic version, which is notable for its small size. If you shoot a lot and convenience is important to you, purchase an additional microphone tripod, allowing you to adjust the height over a wide range. This will allow you to take the most comfortable position.

When using a condenser microphone, keep in mind the anti-vibration basket - a rubber-band mount that prevents vibration from being transmitted to the environment.

Windscreen for microphone

Especially useful if you are using the microphone outdoors. Putting it on the microphone, you will be protected from the influence of air gusts on the quality of the recorded sound. It is not recommended for home and studio use.

Pop filter for microphone

This accessory comes in handy if you are recording podcasts and vocals. The thin material stretches between the sound source and the microphone, it stops too strong gusts of air, which occur, for example, when pronouncing explosive vowels such as p, b, t.

Microphone case

Very important if you want to take care of the safety of your microphone, especially a capacitive one. Thanks to him, you can safely transport the accessory, as well as store it in optimal conditions.

• First of all, when choosing a microphone you need to decide what you will use it for. As a standard, microphones can be divided into condenser and dynamic. The former are better suited for voice-overs or dubbing, but they are very sensitive and require adequate room silence. Dynamic are designed primarily for singers and collect less sound from the environment.
• Another thing to look out for when buying a condenser microphone, when, for example, we will be recording a story, annotating games or recording vocals with a condenser microphone, is the presence of a headphone output which we will use for interactive listening. This is an incredibly useful thing that makes the recording process easier. Allows you to eliminate many problems or adjust the microphone so that the recorded signal is clean.
• It is worth remembering that condenser microphones are much better at picking up sound from the front (cardioid system). The closer, the better low frequencies are recorded. Likewise, the further you are from the microphone, the better high frequencies should be picked up. To keep the right balance you need to record at a distance of about 12-15 cm from the microphone... This knowledge can be used during the creation of various materials, for example, audiobooks or dubbing.

ASUS ROG Strix Magnus	Designed specifically for the leading gaming streams. With three capacitive modules and Environmental Noise Cancellation (ENC) technology, it provides flawless recording quality. What's more, it is equipped with a function that allows you to switch between cardioid and bi-directional recording. Thus, you can record material yourself or in collaboration. And all this inside a compact accessory.
Razer Seiren	A versatile USB microphone with a stable aluminum base. The built-in headphone amplifier allows you to listen to the current recording.
Creative iRoar mic	A dynamic microphone with many uses. Ideal for both performances and karaoke. Small size allows easy attachment to clothing, allowing freedom of movement. The accessory is compatible with the Creative iRoar portable speaker.
Trust Emita Studio (USB)	USB condenser microphone with cardioid response. Designed for recording video streams, vlogs and musical instruments. Includes pop filter, sturdy tripod, anti-vibration basket and sturdy aluminum case.
Trust madell	Desktop condenser microphone with attached pop filter. It will be a very good choice if you are recording vlogs and also for use in instant messaging programs. A stable tripod will provide ease of use and will allow you to place the accessory in a convenient place for you.
Trust starzz all-round	Carefully designed condenser microphone with mute button and stable tripod. Designed primarily for gaming sessions, recording vlogs and negotiating. The gold-plated 3.5mm mini-jack provides excellent sound quality.
Zalman ZM-MIC1	A practical microphone built for virtual collisions. Thanks to a specially designed clip, it can be easily attached to the headphones. Small dimensions give you complete freedom.
Trust elvii vintage	An enchanting, classic design, omnidirectional condenser microphone perfect for calls and vlogs. The stable stand and the ability to adjust the angle of the accessory make daily use much easier.