The largest batteries. Types of batteries and their parameters

The types of batteries, their sizes and shapes are completely different, therefore, sometimes, once in a store, a person simply does not know what he needs. It is difficult to imagine modern life without batteries. They are in everyone around us household appliances: watches, laptops, flashlights, electric photo frames, toys and remotes.

All batteries are marked and differ in capacity, cost and outward appearance... When buying, you need to pay attention to a lot so as not to buy a low-quality battery. After all, such an element will last a very short time, and in some cases it may disrupt the functionality of the device. We will find out what kind of batteries there are, as well as understand their features and characteristics.

These batteries have their own history of development. The battery as a galvanic cell became popular in the 1920s. But Georges Leclanche is considered its inventor - it was he who, in 1867, created the prototype of the battery we know. Of course, at that time, the battery had a completely different look.

Eveready became the mass release of them for consumers. At first, the direction of the company was the owners of radio receivers, but soon the new product was appreciated by workers of mines, enterprises, and seafarers.

In 1920, the well-known company Duracell appeared on the market and began to produce various batteries that were especially popular. They have become more compact, lightweight and, most importantly, cheaper. They consisted of a graphite rod, manganese oxide and a zinc cup. The principle of operation was based on the occurrence of an electrical impulse.

Due to the presence of a graphite rod, zinc-manganese batteries were sometimes called zinc-carbon batteries. Throughout the history of their existence, such batteries have been improved, have undergone many changes and innovations. On this moment they can be found in any store. And coal batteries were replaced by others, as described below.

Views

There is a different classification of batteries: depending on the type, output voltage, size, composition. The buyer can buy all types of batteries.

Let us analyze the classification based on the materials that are included in their composition (anode, cathode, electrolyte).

They are easily distinguished by their price, because they are the cheapest. They are represented on the market by Duracell, Sony, Toshiba. They are advanced zinc-manganese batteries. It is desirable to use in devices with low voltage consumption: watches, scales, consoles.

Discharges quickly and cannot be recharged. The galvanic cell may leak with prolonged use. At subzero temperatures, salt accumulators stop working. Despite many shortcomings, this product is in demand in the market.

Alkaline, or alkaline

How to choose a battery

In the modern variety of types of batteries and their names, you can get lost. All of them have a different cost, which depends on the brand, the composition of the battery, its type and the power of the output voltage.

When buying, pay attention to the following details:

1. Battery type. If you need a battery for your watch, it might be worth getting by with a cheap saline battery. But if you do not want to change it every six months, then take an alkaline one. Buy lithium batteries for powerful devices.
2. Shelf life. All batteries are prone to self-discharge, only in salt batteries it is very noticeable, while in other types it is not. In any case, if you buy a battery with a fresh production date, then it will last longer.
3. The tension you need. Disc electrochemical cells are capable of delivering from 1.5 to 3 V. This is enough for the smooth operation of a wristwatch or a small pocket flashlight. Fingertip ones are capable of creating a voltage of 4-6 V.
4. Manufacturing firm. Sometimes it's better to pay for a brand than to have a leaked battery repaired. In addition, many companies provide a guarantee for their products. If so, do not throw away the date receipt and packaging.

Some batteries are marked “rechargable”, which means they can be recharged with.

Many manufacturers of equipment specifically write which brands of batteries are suitable for the device. In this case, take the instructions with you and feel free to purchase the battery you need.

Minimum product weight 4 5

What does an ordinary customer pay attention to when buying batteries? The survey shows that users tell the seller the standard size and the desired manufacturer, rarely what the batteries are intended for (remote control, scales, etc.). But if you once understand this variety, you can not only save money, but also extend the service life.

In a broad sense, energy sources are divided into disposable and reusable. For the latter, you need to purchase a charger. Type galvanic batteries are subdivided into saline, alkaline (alkaline), lithium, mercury and silver. The next most important characteristic is the standard size. The most popular two types are the cylinder and the button (tablet). For convenience of cylindrical batteries, lettering is generally accepted. For example, the well-known finger batteries have the abbreviation AA, and the little ones - AAA. Other popular sizes are C, D and 9V. Battery cells also have subtypes: nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion.

• brand popularity;
• user reviews;
• expert opinion;
• duration of operation;
• price.

The best alkaline (alkaline) batteries

It is easy to distinguish alkaline batteries from others - they have the inscription Alkaline, which can be translated as "alkali". Their key advantages are increased charge current, long shelf life, and low capacity loss.

5 Xiaomi Rainbow 7 Hitachi Maxell

The best combination of price and functionality
Country: China
Average price: 350 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

Think that all pinky batteries are of the same color? A well-known manufacturer proves that this is not the case. This set contains 10 units of goods that have different designs. This is very convenient if you use energy sources in several devices at once. You will always know where what is installed and how long it works.

As for the chemical composition, it is considered environmentally friendly. The manufacturer, the Chinese subsidiary of Hitachi Maxell, claims it is free of cadmium and mercury. The shell of the AAA case is of increased reliability, since it is two-layer. Moreover, one of them perfectly absorbs and retains liquid, protecting it from leaks during overheating. Another feature is the short circuit protection provided. Such an alkaline device with a real capacity of 1000 mAh is calculated for a service life of 7 years.

4 Camelion Plus Alkaline

Large capacity
Country:
Average price: 200 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

The main distinguishing feature of the alkaline power source is the capacity of 2800 mAh, as a result of which the working qualities are among the best among finger models. The weight of the battery is only 12 grams, so even a few pieces placed in standard instrument cells do not weigh down small household appliances. Metal case products of type AA are ergonomic, their shape does not differ from analog models. The electrolyte is in a completely sealed mini-container, which does not deform in the process of correct use, does not corrode.

On sale you can find blisters and packs of 2-24 pieces. The alkaline model is most in demand in technology with high energy consumption. Moreover, its working cycle is long. However, during use and storage, you should adhere to the optimal temperature regime - from -10 to +40 degrees.

3 Energizer Max + Power Seal

Hold charge for a long time
Country: USA
Average price: 150 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

This type of batteries is in demand due to the ability to slowly discharge, for a long time to work reliably in devices different types... They are finger-type and are available in packs of 2-16. An alkaline product is hermetically sealed, therefore external factors (moisture, dirt) do not impair its working properties even during long-term storage. Self-discharge during storage without operation is insignificant.

As the owners of power supplies note, the AA model holds a charge 1.5-2 times longer, even in comparison with the AAA model of the same brand. The operating voltage is maintained at a standard level of 1.5 V. The model is designed to operate for up to 10 years. Used batteries can be stored without leaks for up to 2 years. The downside, according to consumers, is the overestimated cost of energy sources.

2 GP Super Alkaline AAA

High customer demand
Country: China
Average price: 120 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The popular brand among consumers produces primarily high-quality alkaline power supplies, which are usually used in small consumer electronic or audio devices. The AAA standard size allows you to effectively use the product in children's toys, flashlights, remote controls, walkie-talkies or alarm systems. The manufacturer has provided convenient packages of 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 pieces.

The alkaline electrolyte, acting in the manganese-zinc system, is characterized by increased energy efficiency. In this case, the capacity is 1150 mAh. Such a resource is sufficient for long-term useful work, especially since the power supply maintains an optimal standard voltage of 1.5 V. A shelf life of up to 10 years is another advantage of the model. However, among the many positive feedback there are also negative ones from users who got caught poor quality product... They note the rapid discharge of disposable products, there are cases of leaks of newly purchased batteries.

By type, batteries are divided into galvanic and rechargeable batteries. What are their advantages and unique features, and what are the main disadvantages - we learn from the detailed comparison table.

Battery type	pros	Minuses
Electroplating (disposable)
	Low cost Availability Wide range of	Shelf life (up to 2 years) Loss of capacity up to 40% by the end of the shelf life Full loss of capacity at negative air temperatures
Alkaline (alkaline)	High body tightness Low sensitivity to low temperatures Shelf life up to 5 years Low capacity loss by the end of the shelf life (about 10%)	Falling charge curve Increased cost Greater weight Lack of rechargeability
Lithium	Low dependence on load current Increased endurance Shelf life - from 15 years Minimal capacity loss over storage period Possibility of operation at negative temperatures	High price Lack of rechargeability
	Stable voltage High capacity Independent of ambient temperatures Long shelf life	Lack of rechargeability High price Risk of depressurization The need to comply with disposal rules
Silver	High energy intensity Voltage constancy Shelf life - from 10 years Resistance to temperature extremes Ability to work at negative temperatures Large specific capacity Do not pose a threat to health in case of depressurization	High price Lack of rechargeability
Rechargeable (reusable)
Nickel-cadmium	Good tolerance to temperature differences Resistance to short circuits Affordable cost	Memorization of charging limits
Nickel metal hydride	Rechargeable Large capacity Lack of "memory effect" Work until full discharge	The need to acquire charger High price
Lithium ion	Rechargeable Lack of memorization of charging limits High charge density Small self-discharge No liquid electrolyte	The need to purchase a charger High price

1 Duracell Basic

Minimal losses during shelf life
Country: USA
Average price: 200 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

Alkaline batteries from "Duracell" of the "Basis" series are distinguished by increased energy-consuming characteristics, thanks to which they were awarded a nomination in the rating. Users confirm that these 1.5 V cells are capable of powering various devices for a long time.

Advertising slogans claim that these alkaline batteries can last up to 10 times longer than their counterparts. The manufacturer emphasizes that if they are not used, they remain as charged as possible for 10 years. The reviews positively assess the work and service life of the devices, as well as the availability and size range - AA, AAA, C, D, 9V.

Best lithium batteries

Lithium batteries are believed to have higher energy ratings and a wider range of capabilities than their saline and alkaline counterparts. Their distinguishing mark is the Lithium mark on the packaging.

5 GP Lithium CR123A

Ideal for cameras
Country: China
Average price: 300 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

Photographers choose the most proven consumables for their cameras, flashes, including this model. The lithium product has received a wear-resistant housing, which together with its contents weighs only 16 grams. The shape is standard, the size is CR123A, so there are no unpleasant surprises when installing. Additionally, the battery is equipped with a built-in safety mechanism, which makes it environmentally friendly for users.

The proprietary technology allows you to operate the energy source for up to 10 years. Moreover, the working qualities are preserved when using the accessory even in extreme conditions - at temperatures within the range of -40 - +60 degrees. There are few negative reviews on the model.

4 MINAMOTO ER 14505 Lithium

Best temperature regime exploitation
Country: China
Average price: 250 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

A sufficiently powerful lithium model has received recognition not only among household users, but also among professionals who serve control and measuring, security and fire, navigation equipment, ATMs and other useful equipment. It has a special bobbin type of electrodes, which increases the activity of the active substance and the generation of useful energy. The size (AA) power supply also belongs to the most demanded category.

Its technical characteristics are recognized by users as high. The combination of 3.6 V voltage and 2400 mAh capacity allows you to obtain high-quality energy efficiency. At the same time, self-discharge is minimal; this indicator reaches less than 1% per year. Therefore, it is not surprising that the shelf life of a finger product can be up to 10 years. However, the biggest plus of the model, perhaps, is its excellent performance in the record temperature range from -55 to +85 degrees! The disadvantages include only the lack of individual packaging.

3 Philips Lithium CR2025

Minimum product weight
Country: Netherlands
Average price: 85 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

Speaking of the best batteries, one cannot fail to mention one of the most productive push-button representatives of the segment. Such a product has not only miniature dimensions, but also a weight of only 3 grams. It can be easily and quickly installed in a range of devices. The lithium "tablet" does not contain harmful heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury.

The performance is quite optimal. At a nominal voltage of 3 V, the declared capacity is 150 mAh. According to consumer reviews, the energy potential of the "button" lasts up to 5 years, depending on the type of device and the frequency of its use. Importantly, when stored without use, the discharge is minimal. By the end of the shelf life, the energy resource is at least 80% of the original volume.

2 Duracell Ultra 123

High-quality assembly
Country: USA
Average price: 380 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

Despite the rarer CR123 standard size, this power supply is widely used in household and photographic equipment, security systems, small electronic devices for various purposes. The lithium accessory is made of quality material, therefore it discharges slowly with practically no collateral loss of energy. The introduction of Duralock Power Preserve technology improves energy efficiency and extends battery life up to 10 years.

Another positive nuance is the nominal voltage of 3 V. It is enough to maintain the reliable performance of the devices for a long time. The model is manufactured in full compliance with the current standards. Its body is well protected from overvoltage, overheating, there are no cases of spontaneous combustion. The product is disposed of in the usual way.

1 Energizer Ultimate Lithium

Wide representation in the world market
Country: USA
Average price: 400 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

Energizer 1.5-volt lithium batteries are the leaders in the rating according to user voting. Reviews confirm that they work several times longer than similar alkaline products. Key Benefits- large stock of capacity, increased use and storage life - up to 20 years.

What is important, these power supplies will not let you down even in negative temperatures, since they have a sealed design with protection against leaks. Buyers emphasize that this is the optimal solution for cameras, walkie-talkies, tape recorders and other devices that are used outdoors. The standard size range is represented by finger and little finger lithium batteries, as well as 9V.

The best battery energy sources

Reusable batteries, also called rechargeable or simply rechargeable batteries, are preferable for more powerful devices - gadgets, cameras, game controllers, remotes remote control, flashlights, electric razors, video cameras, etc.

5 Fenix ​​16340 ARB-L16-700U

Extended charging potential
Country: China
Average price: 670 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.6

The lithium-ion battery is a new development of the company. Its standard size corresponds to CR123A, but here we observe an increased nominal voltage of 3.7 V. With a capacity of 700 mAh, the battery life is designed for more than 500 working cycles.

However, the design of the reusable power supply is of the greatest interest. This model additionally has a USB port for charging, which allows you to quickly and comfortably bring it to a functional state in comparison with analogues. Among the advantages of the model, users call a durable stainless steel case, not prone to deformation under mechanical and thermal stress. The best battery has multi-level protection against short circuit, overheating, overcharge and discharge, convenient light indicators of the energy resource level. The actual service life with frequent use is 3-4 years.

4 GP Rechargeable 1000 Series AAA

Serviceability after long-term storage
Country: China (made in Singapore)
Average price: 500 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

The little finger model is distinguished not only by its super compact dimensions, but also by an attractive minimum capacity of 950 mAh. Approximately the same value, as shown by tests, can be considered as a nominal indicator. It uses improved LSD technology, which provides the battery cell with a low self-discharge.

To the advantages of the nickel-metal hydride model, users consider the number of full working cycles up to 500, which, together with a large capacity, make it possible to comfortably operate equipment with increased energy consumption. Another positive point is the preservation of the working qualities of the AAA battery if it has not been used for a long time. To continue using, no recharging is required in case of partial energy availability. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that after 2 years of storage without operation, no more than 30% of the charge remains.

3 Panasonic Eneloop

Best number of recharge cycles
Country: Japan
Average price: 900 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.7

Nickel-metal hydride products allow a record number of recharges, namely 2100. Users respond positively to their use and confirm that the battery cells of this brand correspond to the declared high capacity. Also, buyers mention that even with a low charge, the current does not sink.

Ready for use indoors and outdoors, regardless of weather conditions, temperature. Another competitive advantage - low self-discharge coefficient. Standard sizes AA and AAA are on sale. A significant disadvantage is the price of a commodity unit.

2 ANSMANN AA 2850 AKKU

Efficiency for fast charging
Country: Germany (made in China)
Average price: 650 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.8

The power supply is NiMH and AA size. On the face of it, in everyday life it is often called simply a rechargeable battery, the main advantage of which is its multi-charge capacity. This model can be used for up to 1000 working cycles. The good capacity of 2850 mAh contributes to this. Even at a nominal voltage of 1.2 V, the battery supports the operation of energy-consuming devices well.

To the pluses, users refer to the ability of the element to fast charging... Moreover, you can replenish energy costs using any standard charger. Operation is allowed in a temperature range from -20 to +50 degrees, which should be noted, in particular, for fans of extreme photo sessions. As the experience of battery owners shows, its real working life is enough for 4-6 years. On sale there are blisters in a complete set of 2 or 4 units of goods.

1 Samsung INR18650-30Q

Most powerful high-current device
Country: South Korea
Average price: 470 rubles.
Rating (2019): 4.9

One of the most popular battery cells has classic dimensions (length about 65 mm, diameter 18.33 mm), somewhat lighter weight for power supplies of this category (46 grams). Therefore, outwardly, it practically does not differ from competitors, except in the bright crimson color of the well-protected case, on which the identification markings are applied.

The actual performance of this lithium-ion model is as stated by enthusiast measurements. The nominal voltage of 3.6 V with a full charge can reach 4.2 V. The 3000 mAh capacity is an advantage of the model, which remains practically unchanged under load. The best power supply properties are associated with high currents. It is at 15-25 A that the maximum competitive advantage arises in comparison with models of other brands. Therefore, such a finger element is excellent for drills and other similar medium-current equipment with intermittent high-current peak loads.

Most often in electronics and small appliances, batteries are used as a power source. Whether it's a portable device, a flashlight, a TV remote control or an air conditioner - none of these devices today can be imagined without a battery. But, despite the variety of batteries, not everyone knows how long they can last, what they are, and how long they can keep a charge.

Classification by material of manufacture

There are five types of batteries. They differ from each other in the material from which the electrolyte is made, the cathode and anode are their active components. So, depending on this, batteries can be saline, lithium, silver, mercury and alkaline.

Salt batteries have a small charge. When marking these power supplies, the English letter R is used. This type of battery appeared in the 50s of the 20th century. They replaced the zinc-manganese batteries. Today the size of these batteries has not changed. The manufacturing technology has changed. The electrolyte in them is ammonium chloride. The electrodes are made of zinc and manganese oxide. They are the cheapest batteries. But they have a short shelf life - only two years. And by the end of the shelf life, the capacity decreases by about forty percent. In addition, the capacity can drop to zero at low temperatures (photo 1).

Alkaline or alkaline batteries are labeled Alkaline on the case. Marked with the letters LR. They are of the best quality and also have a long service life. The electrodes in them are made of manganese dioxide, as well as zinc. They have a large capacity, good tightness, they work even in frost. Reduced leakage probability and self-discharge rate. The shelf life can be 5 years (photo 2).


Mercury batteries are charged with mercury oxide. Not widely used. But they have high indicators of energy density and capacity, they work both at very high and at low temperatures (photo 3).


In lithium batteries (CR marking), the cathode is made of lithium. The advantages of such batteries: high energy density and capacity, low weight, energy capacity independent of the load current, shelf life - twelve years. The battery is not susceptible to temperature changes (photo 4).


For the price of the most expensive silver batteries (SR mark). The anode in them is made of zinc, and the cathode is made of silver oxide. Such batteries are used in watches. They have a long shelf life and service. They have high indicators of energy density and capacity (photo 5).

Size classification

The most common American battery classification system is shown in Photo 6.


The shape and size of the batteries can be "finger" or "two A" (AA), little finger or "three A" (AAA), "four A" (AAAA), "inch" or C-battery (C), "barrel "(D), crown" (PP3).

Also note that batteries also differ in the type of chemical reaction. There are primary cells - galvanic, and there are secondary - batteries. For example, galvanic cells cannot be charged. They are cheaper and have more capacity. And the batteries are reusable. They can be charged. The number of discharge / charge cycles can reach 1000. But they are more expensive and have less capacity (photo 7).


Batteries can be alkaline (RAM). Their service life is short (about 50 recharges), and they do not work at low temperatures. Lead acid (SLA) - withstands 600 recharges. Lithium-ion (Li-Ion) - number of cycles 1000, working life up to ten years. Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) - 500 cycles are expensive. Lithium polymer (Li-Pol) - short-lived and quite expensive. Photo 8 shows lithium-ion batteries.

Each person at least once in his life faced the issue of replacing the battery. In a watch, a calculator, a camera, a flashlight, a children's toy, and you never know what else. What is usually guided by you as a consumer when choosing a battery for replacement. First, of course, select a current source of the appropriate size and required power.

It is easy to determine this by carefully examining the used battery. You go to buy, but this one is not. The seller will offer you several options at once, but the choice is yours. Most often, this choice is formed on the basis of the service life / price ratio. Sometimes the question arises of choosing between batteries and accumulators, rarely does anyone select batteries for temperature conditions and seriously thinks about all the electrical characteristics of the source. One way or another, in everyday life we ​​most often deal with "finger" batteries.

At the heart of any current source, and the battery is nothing more than a current source, lies simple circuit: anode-cathode, and between them electrolyte. Due to the different nature of the material of the anode and cathode, when they are immersed in the electrolyte, a potential difference arises - a voltage, which is why electricity... Chemical current sources bear their name due to the nature of the current generation: the chemical energy of active substances is directly converted into electrical energy. They are divided into two groups - primary and secondary. In primary current sources (batteries), the process is irreversible. Secondary sources of current include batteries, they can be charged after they are exhausted. In various literary sources, there is information that the batteries can also be recharged. Do not attempt to do this to avoid explosion and chemical splatter.

Shape and size.

The "finger shape" of the batteries was not chosen by chance. With the same capacity, a tall and narrow cylinder - a finger - has less internal resistance and better dissipates heat. The requirements of the International Electric Commission for the unification of the size of power sources allow replacing batteries from one manufacturer with batteries from another, thereby creating opportunities for free consumer choice. On the battery, you can see several designations of its sizes at once. According to Russian law, cylindrical batteries, depending on the diameter and height, are designated from R06 to R27, American standards dictate letter marking. For household appliances, additional labels may be applied. For example, the most common "finger" battery R6 has a diameter of 14.5 mm and a height of 50.5 mm, it is also designated AA and MIGNON.

The battery (primary battery) is one of the most common power sources for small appliances and electronics.

What's inside the battery?

Batteries are often small, but complex and complex. These are high-tech elements in which electrical energy is released as a result of chemical reactions. This process occurs between the three main elements of the battery: anode, cathode and electrolyte. The materials listed are different depending on the type of battery. The material is selected on the principle of maximizing the effect when they interact. The anode is often made of metal, the cathode is made of an oxide of various metals. Salt is used as an electrolyte, manganese dioxide is used in alkaline batteries.

What is inside the battery, in other words, its electrochemical system - the starting conditions. The first chemical current sources were galvanic cells with metal electrodes immersed in an aqueous electrolyte. Something similar is shown in chemistry lessons at school, when electrodes are dipped into a solution and a light bulb lights up.

Batteries have different voltages and capacities.

Different devices operate with different voltages, so batteries should have different voltages. In addition, the voltage of different types of batteries depends on the electrolyte used. For example, lithium batteries have a nominal voltage of 3 V, alkaline ones - 1.5 V. The battery capacity is calculated from the volume of active elements placed in the battery case. However, the capacity calculated in this way cannot be used to determine the performance of the batteries and is called "calculated capacity".

The actual capacity depends on many factors:

Charging level;
... mode of use;
... ambient temperature;
... cut-off current (Voltage at which the device does not work even with the stored battery charge. For example, a battery that no longer works in a camera often continues to work in watches or control panels).

Each cell of an electric battery generates a current of 1.5 volts, which is slightly compared to the 220-volt voltage in the household "power supply. Therefore, batteries are not dangerous for the consumer. Any battery, the voltage of which exceeds 1.5 volts (for example, 6 volts) is, in in essence, a set of 1.5 volt batteries connected in series, with the exception of rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, the voltage of which in a charged state is only 1.2 volts.

The electric charge of the batteries. The amount of electricity in batteries is measured in amperes - or milliampere-hours. If, for example, a battery has a charge of 1.0 ampere-hour, and the electrical device in which it operates requires a current of 200 milliamps (i.e. 0.2 amperes), the battery life is calculated using the following formula:

in the example given, this period will be five hours (1.0: 0.2 = 5).

Self-discharge- this is a consequence of the inoperative state of the battery, which leads to a loss of capacity. Storage mode can occur for two reasons. Firstly, it concerns new products from the moment of release until the start of use. Secondly, if you use the battery resource with long enough intervals, breaks.

The reason for self-discharge lies in the battery itself - the instability of the electrodes, electrolyte contamination. Typically, over the normalized shelf life, the battery loses about 30% of its initial capacity. The battery is discharged most strongly at the beginning of storage. Also, self-discharge increases with increasing temperature.

Battery types:

	Dignity	disadvantages
Dry ("saline", LeClanche, coal-zinc)	The cheapest, mass produced.	Smallest capacity; bad at work with powerful loads (high current); bad at low temperatures.
Heavy Duty ("powerful" dry cell, zinc chloride)	Less expensive than alkaline. Better LeClanche at high currents and low temperatures.	Low capacity.
Alkaline ("alkaline", alkaline-manganese)	Average cost. Better than the previous ones at high current and low temperatures. Keeps impedance low on discharge. Produced widely.	Falling discharge curve.
	Voltage constancy, high energy intensity and energy density.	High price. Because of the harmfulness, mercury is almost not produced.
Silver	High capacity. Flat discharge curve. Good at high and low temperatures. Excellent shelf life.
Lithium	Highest capacity per unit mass. Flat discharge curve. Excellent at low and high temperatures. Extremely long storage time. High voltage per cell (3V). Light.

	Description	Dignity	disadvantages
Primary	Galvanic cells. The reactions taking place in them are irreversible, so they cannot be recharged. Usually they are called the word "battery". Attempting to charge the battery may damage the battery and leak alkali or other substances in the battery.	Higher capacity and / or cheaper.	One-time use.
Secondary	Batteries. Unlike primary reactions, reactions in them are reversible, so they are able to convert electrical energy into chemical energy, accumulating it (charge), and perform the reverse transformation, giving electrical energy to the consumer (discharge). For common batteries, the number of charge-discharge cycles is usually about 1000 and significantly depends on the operating conditions.	Reusable, rechargeable.	Lower capacity and / or more expensive.

What is an Alkaline Battery?

About 40 years ago, Duracell first developed an alkaline chemical system using manganese dioxide. In the 1960s and 1970s, these batteries became very popular among electronic device designers. Alkaline batteries have many advantages over saline ones: higher capacity, wider temperature range, less chance of leakage, longer shelf life. All this allowed them to gain popularity all over the world.

"Alkaline" battery indicates that it is an alkaline battery. They are stored longer than the salt elements. They got their name from the nature of the electrolyte: they usually use KOH, a true alkali. When discharged continuously, alkaline batteries provide 7-10 times greater capacity compared to similar salt cells. They perform better at low temperatures, but are about 30% heavier. The self-discharge rate is lower; after a year of storage at room temperature, the capacity loss does not exceed 10%. However, all these advantages leave an imprint on the price of the product.

What is a lithium battery?

Chemical composition - lithium-manganese dioxide.

Over the past few decades, technological advances have led to an increase in the variety and miniaturization of battery-powered devices. For many of these devices, more powerful batteries were required, while still being quite compact. Lithium batteries are the answer to this need. Lithium batteries show excellent results and have a number of positive characteristics: long shelf life, high reliability and excellent performance over a wide temperature range.

Rechargeable batteries.

A special option are nickel-cadmium batteries (secondary battery), which can be recharged many times.

The storage battery is an autonomous source of current, it works by itself without the help of a generator. It transforms one type of energy into another. It receives electrical energy from chemical energy.

The battery is a very convenient DC power source as it is compact and easily portable. Due to this, the scope of application of these batteries is very wide. Rechargeable batteries are used in cars, electric trains, electric forklifts, computers, cordless telephones, cell phones, cameras, camcorders, laptops, calculators.

The main characteristics of a battery are capacity and current limit. To obtain a higher voltage (up to several hundred volts), the required number of elements is connected in series. The ampere-hour capacity of the battery is equal to the product of the current limit and the discharge duration. For example, if a battery can supply 3 A for 20 hours, then its capacity is 60 Ah.

Nickel-cadmium batteries can be recharged many times, and this is their main advantage over other batteries. Their disadvantage is low voltage - 1.2 volts.

Self-discharge for these batteries - if not attached to a charger - is around 30% per month. This means that if they have been lying for a long time, they cannot be used without recharging. The charge value of nickel-cadmium batteries approximately corresponds to the charge value of batteries of group C, and they are more expensive. But the cost of purchasing these batteries and the charger pays off quite quickly if the batteries are used in devices that consume low-frequency high-frequency current.

Every storage battery has positive and negative electrodes, as well as an electrolyte in which these electrodes are located. There are liquid and pasty electrolytes. The batteries are charged by passing current in the opposite direction. In this case, the capacity is restored due to the reverse chemical reaction.

Storage batteries are lead, iron-nickel, nickel-cadmium. It depends on the material from which the electrodes are made. There is also a high temperature and fuel accumulator.

Miniature batteries (batteries - tablets).

In everyday life, they have several names - (disc, push-button, button). Designed for use in watches, calculators, video and photographic equipment, in portable electronic devices. Modern trends in the development of electronic technologies imply the minimization of dimensions and an increase in time. autonomous work electronic equipment, which in turn expands the scope of these batteries - computer technology, medicine, telecommunications.

The range of use is wide - from the simplest control panels car alarm to high-tech smartphones and personal electronic assistants.

The most common types of disc batteries are: zinc-manganese, silver-oxide (zinc-silver), lithium.

1. Manganese-zinc EP (Alkaline)

They are used in calculators, electronic watches, photographic equipment, flashlights. In terms of technical characteristics (initial voltage and rated capacity) they are inferior to silver oxide ones, but they have one indisputable advantage over them - low cost. Shelf life is up to 2 years.

2. Silver oxide disc EP

Widely used in quartz electronic watches, calculators, hearing aids, medical equipment, electronic toys, sensory lighters. They are represented by a wide range of standard sizes and have high energy characteristics. They are characterized by a stable and constant discharge voltage until the end of the discharge. The guaranteed shelf life is up to 3 years.

3. Lithium disk EP

They are used in multifunctional wristwatches, home weather stations, car alarms, electronic databases, measuring equipment, high-tech systems. Lithium sources are characterized by high energy densities and are efficient in a wide temperature range (from –20 ° С to + 55 ° С), since they do not contain water. They are sealed and have a fairly stable voltage. The batteries of this electrochemical system have extremely low self-discharge (retain more than 85% of their capacity after 10 years of storage). In micropower devices, where the reliability of contacts is important, lithium sources with solder leads (horizontal and vertical) are used. The guaranteed shelf life is up to 10 years.

How to make the battery last longer?

Did you know that a regular battery, finger type, for example "AA", can be used even after it "sits down" for the first time? Yes, she "sat down", but she has a resource that can be used. This is especially true for batteries on any remote controls. Do not rush to throw away the battery !!!

Just take it out and make a few dents on the battery (with pliers or something else, just not your teeth). The main thing is not to bend it so that it can fit back into its place in the remote control. Insert and use.

Many people know the secret that a "dead" battery can be brought back to "feeling" for a short time by knocking it on a hard surface. When this granules of manganese dioxide are split, the contact is restored. And there is an even more barbaric way - to pierce the battery case with a nail and immerse the case (not completely) in water for a short time. As a result, the water will somewhat dilute the electrolyte, and it will be easier for it to penetrate to the manganese granules.

ATTENTION! DO NOT TRY THIS WITH RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES !!!

How to choose the right batteries?

The theater, as you know, begins with a coat rack. The quality of a battery starts with its packaging.

Batteries in sizes R20 (LR20), R14 (LR14), R6 (LR6), RОЗ (LR03), R1 (LR1) and 6F22 (6LF22, 6LR61) usually differ in blister packs high quality in its subgroup.

A blister is a transparent plastic box containing one to four batteries. The box is glued to a colored cardboard postcard, on which (photo 1) we see: the name of the company with the symbol of its registration (DURACELL R, EVEREADY), the most important, according to the company, information (EXTRA POWER, Nothing lasts longer; Heavy Duty), designation standard size according to different standards (C, A-343, LR14, LR20, D) and a mandatory expiration date (INSTALL BY JAN 2000; Best before MAR 2000).

On the back of the postcard in several languages ​​(including Russian!), Information about guarantees, operating mode, detailed information on standard sizes, a bar code (which can be cut out and sent to a company with a quality claim), the name of the country where the batteries were manufactured are reported. The most important thing is additionally reported on the battery label: Sunwatt (sign R, three types of designation of standard sizes, country indicated), HIPOWER (no sign R, two types of designation of standard sizes, country not indicated), Vnn (no sign R, three types of designation of standard sizes, country indicated).

In addition to blisters, two more types of packaging are used - a transparent heat-shrinkable film or in the form of a bag (for 9-volt batteries) and a box - usually for 24 pieces. In such a cardboard box, batteries can be placed in blisters, in foil or without individual packaging. On the box, the information mentioned above is required.

The lifespan of any battery is determined by several factors, such as the level of energy consumption of a given device or device, the number of hours of continuous use, the age of the batteries and the power at which this device operates.

How to dispose of. Alkaline batteries can be thrown away with any household waste without any danger to the environment.

Remove batteries from any device if you have not used it for several months. In addition, they must not be left in the appliance when it is connected to the household power supply.

Batteries carried in open form in a pocket or bag, on contact with other metal objects, they may be short-circuited, which in turn may cause them to leak or malfunction.

The batteries must always be replaced at the same time. Mixing old and new batteries, or battery types (such as saline and alkaline) will degrade the performance of the device and may cause leakage.

The most common battery formats:

Format	Nomenclature / IEC	The form	Dimensions, mm	Voltage	Everyday life. title
	LR8 / D425 / 25A				"little finger"
					"little finger"
					finger
	R14 / LR14 / UM2				"average"
					"big"
	MN27 / A27 / BL1				"for alarms"
	MN21 / A23 / K23A / LRV08				"for alarms"
	R1 / LR1 / UM5 / 910				"barrel"
					"barrel"
					"barrel"
					out of use
	A476 / 4LR44 / V4034PX				"barrel"
					"barrel"
		Parallelepiped			"square"
	6F22 / 6LR61 / 6F22UT	Parallelepiped	48,5 * 26,5 * 17,5 9
	LR521 / (SR) 521W / 379	tablet			"hour"
	LR60 / LR621 / SR621W / 164/364 / GP64A	tablet			"hour"
	LR726 / LR59 / 196/396 / GP96A / (SR) 726	tablet			"hour"
	LR41 / 192/392 / GP92A / 392 / SR41W	tablet			"hour"
	LR626 / LR66 / 177 / GP77A / 377 / SR626W	tablet			"hour"
	LR754 / LR48 / 193 / GP93A / 393 / SR754W	tablet			"hour"
	LR921 / LR69 / LR40 / 171 / GP71A / 371 / SR920W	tablet			"hour"
	LR926 / LR57 / 195 / GP95A / 395 / SR927W	tablet			"hour"
	LR1120 / LR55 / 191 / GP91A / 391 / SR1120W	tablet			"hour"
	LR936 / LR45 / 194 / GP94A / 394 / SR936W	tablet			"hour"
	LR1130 / LR54 / 189 / GP89A / 389 / SR1130W	tablet			"hour"
	LR721 / LR58 / 162 / GP62A / 362 / SR721W	tablet			"hour"
	LR43 / 186 / GP86A / 386 / SR43W	tablet			"hour"
	LR44 / A76 / GP76A / 357 / SR44W	tablet			"hour"
	LR9 / 625A / KA625 / V625U				"flat"
					"flat"
					"flat"
					"flat"
					"flat"
					"flat"
					"flat"
					"flat"

http://www.patlah.ru

"Encyclopedia of Technologies and Techniques" Patlakh V.V. 1993-2007

Everyone uses electronic devices, which have an autonomous power source. In most cases, these are disposable batteries called batteries.

Curbing

What is a battery

The battery is a self-contained galvanic battery for various devices powered by electrical energy. The principle of operation of batteries is based on the use of an irreversible chemical reaction of two metals (or their oxides) in an electrolyte, accompanied by the appearance of an electromotive force. Due to the irreversibility of the reactions associated with the formation of electricity taking place in such power sources, they are called primary.

Secondary power supplies (batteries) work using the same principles of action, but with chemicals that can be recovered after being charged, making them reusable.

Battery labels

According to the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standard, the marking of galvanic power sources is made based on the composition of the electrolyte and the active metal used in their design.

According to this classification, there are 5 most common types of round (cylindrical) batteries: saline, alkaline, lithium, silver and zinc air. The letter R in their designation means a round shape (from the English round).

Saline batteries (R). They have a zinc cathode, manganese dioxide anode and an electrolyte of ammonium and zinc chlorides. They provide a voltage of 1.5 volts, have a small capacity, high self-discharge and a low shelf life (up to 2 years). They are inoperative at low temperatures.

Name	Marking and Type	Diameter, mm	Height, mm	Capacity, mAh *
A	Saline (R23) Alkaline (LR23)	17	50	n / a
AA	Saline (R6) Alkaline (LR6) Lithium (FR6)	14,5	50,5	1100-3500
AAA	Saline (R03) Alkaline (LR03) Lithium (FR03)	10,5	44,5	540-1300
AAAA	Alkaline (LR8D425)	8,3	42,5	625
B	Alkaline (LR12)	21,5	60	8350
C	Saline (R14) Alkaline (LR14)	26,2	50	3800-8000
D	Saline (R20) Alkaline (LR20)	34,2	61,5	8000-19500
F	Saline (R20) Alkaline (LR20)	33	91	n / a
N	Salt (R1) Alkaline (LR1)	12	30,2	1000
1 / 2AA	Salt (R14250)	14,5	25	250
R10	Saline (R10)	21,5	37,3	1800

* Technologies are developing very quickly because of this, today the capacity may be higher than indicated in the table (2018)

Battery pills

These are disk power sources of a round shape, they are also called coins or buttons. There are many varieties of this type of battery, the main ones being:

1. Lithium CR cells with standard sizes from 927 to 3032 (where the first one or two digits are the diameter in millimeters, and the last two digits are the thickness, in tenths, fractions of a millimeter) by 3 volts.
2. Alkaline special disc cells LR (sizes 43, 44, 54) for one and a half volts for watches and miniature devices.
3. Sizes 41 to 932 SR disc batteries with 1.55 volt silver oxide for watches.
4. Zinc-air PR cells in sizes 5, 10, 13, 312, 630 and 675 for 1.2 volts.

Types of popular batteries

Cylindrical batteries have become very popular due to their high capacity and convenience. Let's take a look at the most popular commercially available ones.

AA. This is one of the most common types of cylindrical batteries for one and a half volts with a size of 14.5x50.5 mm. They are designated by the IEC standard as (alkaline), R6 (zinc carbon), FR6 (lithium). In everyday life they are called.

Type B. Salt R12 and alkaline LR12 cylindrical elements of this type with dimensions of 21.5x60 mm by 1.5 v are produced. Usually used in flashlights.

Type F. These one and a half volt power supplies are designated L25 and LR25. They have a capacity from 10.5 (saline) to 26 (alkaline) A / h. They have a size of 33x91 mm.

Type N. R1 batteries have a capacity of 400-1000 mAh, voltage - 1.5 volts, size 12x30.2 mm.

1 / 2AA. Designated as CR14250 for 3 volt lithium manganese dioxide (Li ‑ MnO2) and ER14250 for 3.6 volt lithium thionyl chloride (Li ‑ SOCl2) batteries. They have dimensions of 14x25 mm.

R10. These are one and a half volt batteries, which were produced in the USSR under the marking 332. They have a size of 21x37 mm. They are currently in very limited production.

There are batteries marked 2R10 with dimensions of 21.8x74.6 mm at 3 volts, called Duplex due to the fact that they inside contain two series-connected R10 cells of 1.5 volts.

A23. This is a 12 v alkaline battery (according to IEC classification - 8LR932) with a size of 10.3x28.5 mm. Usually consists of 8 LR932 cells connected in series. It is used for products controlled by radio.

A23 and A27

A27. This is a 12 v alkaline battery (according to IEC classification - 8LR732) with a size of 8x28.2 mm. Usually consists of 8 LR632 cells connected in series. It is used for products controlled by radio, electric lighters and electronic cigarettes.

Widespread in different devices also have 4.5 and 9 volt flat batteries.

3336. According to IEC standards, they are designated 3LR12 (alkaline), 3R12 (saline). In common use they are called "square". They have been produced since 1901 for flashlights. They have a voltage of 4.5 volts, a capacity from 1200 to 6100 mAh, a size of 67x62x22 mm. Structurally, they are 3 series-connected R12 elements, combined in one housing.

The large variety of power supplies available on the market makes it easy to find the right battery for everyone specific case... At the same time, it is better to focus on well-known brands that produce products good quality worth the money spent.

If you find that some battery is missing, please write its marking in the comments and we will add it without fail.