entranceRussian operating system for a computer. Russian operating system or Windows? domestic operating systems
10/18/2016, Tue, 16:00, Moscow time , Text: Valeria Shmyrova
There are 23 operating systems in the Russian software registry. In total, 2037 products from 583 copyright holders are currently registered in the register.23 domestic operating systems
In the Russian register of domestic software, there are 23 products of the "Operating systems" class.
These include four solutions from Alt Linux, three products from a related company, Basalt SPO, two developments by Svemel related to the Zircon platform, two developments by STC IT ROSA, etc.
In addition to general-purpose OS, the Registry contains OS for RAIDIX storage systems, OS for microcontrollers, for telecommunications equipment, as well as Sailfish Mobile OS RUS, created on the basis of the Finnish development of the same name at Open Mobile Platform LLC.
Almost all of the operating systems included in the registry (other than those intended for managing microcontrollers) are based on the Linux kernel. The exception is OS "Ulyanovsk.BSD", the developer of which is Sergei Volkov... It is based on FreeBSD.
The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation informs that in total 2037 products from 583 rightholders are registered in the register. At the same time, 78.1% of solutions are applied software, another 18.2% are system software. 3.2% of items refer to software development tools, 0.6% to embedded software.
State of the register of domestic software provided by the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications
59.2% of copyright holders registered one product each, 35.5% - from two to 10 products, 3.1% - from 11 to 20 products, 1.9% - from 21 to 100 products, and 0.3% - from 101 up to 150 products.
Application software
2952 products are included in the register as application software. The largest in this category is the class “ Information Systems for solving specific industry problems ”, which includes 1259 items.
The second largest class in the applied software is "Organizational Process Management Systems" - there are 778 developments here. The leader in terms of the number of products in the class is the 1C brand, whose various branches occupy 252 positions in the list.
Also among the applied software there are 251 software general purpose, 216 data-handling systems and 191 R&D management systems.
The register contains "office applications" in the amount of 128 items, including 23 developments by Eos, seven solutions by ABBYY, seven products of the 1C brand and five developments by MyOffice.
Class "Geoinformation and navigation systems(GIS) ”has 48 products, seven of them are developed by the Infotech brand.
The Search Engines class includes 41 items, including four solutions from the Dnevnik.ru educational network, three products from the Federal State Unitary Enterprise GlavNIVTs and two developments from the Consultant Plus company.
System software and DBMS
The system software includes 689 registry entries, including 263 tools for ensuring information security, 195 monitoring and control systems, 125 server and middleware products, 37 utilities and drivers, 26 cloud and distributed computing and virtualization tools, and 23 operating systems.
The system software category includes 20 DBMSs in the Registry. These include three versions of the Linter system, the Linter Bastion system from the Relex company, Postgres Pro developed by Postgres Professional, and others.
In the category "Software development tools" there are 120 items, including 51 library of subroutines (SDK), 36 products of the development environment, testing and debugging, 12 systems for analyzing source code for bookmarks and vulnerabilities, 11 tools for preparing executable code and 10 tools for version control source code.
Creation of the Russian software registry
In November 2015, the Russian Government approved the restrictions developed by the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications on the admission of foreign software in the implementation of state and municipal purchases, as well as the rules for the formation and maintenance of the Unified Register of Russian programs for electronic computers and databases.
State purchases of products included in the register, except for those cases when there is no software with the necessary characteristics in it.
The registry website was first launched in January 2016.
To conduct an examination of the software for inclusion in the register, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications created a special expert council. It included representatives of departments, participants at the suggestions of associations of Russian software developers, scientific and educational organizations, as well as organizations that carry out innovative activities or support such activities.
Interestingly, many Linux users from Russia do not even realize that in addition to distributions of foreign origin, there are also our, domestic products, which are developed by whole teams of professionals. Today we will talk about the five best Russian Linux distributions, describing some of their features and capabilities.
It should be noted that this collection includes some of the most popular Russian Linux distributions. If you know other, no less interesting products, tell us about it in the comments. Well, we are starting.
Such tops are a common practice on the pages of this web resource. Not so long ago, I already looked at where the most popular Linux distributions in the world got into the lens. Around the same time, I wrote, where I selected each product in the same way, focusing on the usability of one or another Linux on home PCs. Now I decided to talk about distributions of Russian origin, making an eyeliner in the top format.
Astra Linux
The distribution kit, which was developed primarily for various government and military structures, focuses precisely on the security and integrity of information data. As the name implies, Linux is used as a basis - a kernel with an open source code, supplied under the GPL license.
This distribution has two versions: one for general use (Common Edition) and the other for special (Special Edition). The latter, just the same, is used in all these secret security agencies.
Rosa Linux
Another Linux distribution kit of Russian origin. But unlike the previous one, Rosa Linux directly prioritizes the development of a useful and convenient operating system for ordinary users... Of course, there are also "closed" versions here, designed to protect information, but the main emphasis, again, is on creating public assemblies.
Among other things, the Rosa developers offer their users the author's functional software. For example, you can no longer bother with, because there is a special utility for these purposes.
You can learn more about this distribution on the official website. Links for downloading images can also be found there.
Alt Linux
Alt Linux is a true old-timer among Russian distributions. Its history dates back to 1999, and at first the development policy was completely different. But as time went on, Alt Linux developed along with it, and the people who develop it.
Now Alt Linux is a whole family of distributions with their own repositories. The development team works tirelessly to make all of their wildest dreams come true.
In this very family, there are several separate versions of Alt Linux:
- Viola Workstation
- Alt Server
- Alt Education
- Alt Linux SPT 7.0
If the names of the first three are clear what they are for, then what about latest version questions arise. So, Alt Linux SPT 7.0 is a universal distribution kit suitable both as a workstation and as a server or educational operating system.
Simply Linux
Simply Linux was developed by almost the same people as Alt Linux. Even in this screenshot taken from the official site of this distribution, you can see which web resource is open there. The main idea of this system is ease and accessibility (for each of you). Simply is not resource-demanding, and therefore you can safely install it even on the most antediluvian computers. As graphical shell xfce is used here, and this is another confirmation of the lightness and undemanding distribution kit.
As the developers themselves assure, the idea of their brainchild is simple: to give the user a choice, thanks to which he himself can decide whether he should understand all the variety of system delights, or just get down to work or his own affairs. Simply Linux is ready to go out of the box; he has a set for this software.
You can find out more about it by going to the official resource.
Calculate Linux
And our top is completed by one of the most unusual Russian Linux distributions. Calculate is attractive because it uses Gentoo (a very difficult distribution kit to install and use) as a basis. However, unlike its progenitor, Calculate Linux does not require you to have such serious knowledge in this area. The distribution has a large number of functions suitable for both home use and business.
In addition to the desktop version, there is also a server version. It can successfully replace Windows NT Server, having all the necessary features, and even a few additional ones.
conclusions
I must say right away that I had no purpose to provide here full information for each specific distribution. This is just my subjective opinion, which I expressed through writing this small top. Moreover, after each distribution kit, I provided links to official resources, where all information is presented in Russian. Therefore, I think you can easily figure it out. My task was only to provide you with the top best Russian Linux distributions 2019. And I hope that I coped with this task. If you want to add / dispute something, then you are welcome in the comments.
I think that any of the readers of this article no longer considers the words "Operating system" and "Windows" as synonyms, since knows at least one or more other systems. For many it will be Android, for a significant circle they are known Windows Phone and iOS, fewer people have heard of OS X, FreeBSD, and Ubuntu. All of these operating systems are developed by Western (mostly American) organizations. At first glance, a Russian person has nowhere to cast his gaze ... but no. We also have our own masters.
We are already used to the fact that information Technology for Russia they are not a subject of creativity, but a subject of passive study. Yes, we know a world-class antivirus from Kaspersky or this moment the best text recognizer FineReader is also from a Russian company. Someone will remember Dr.Web. But in the general context, it is, if not a drop, then a small puddle in the sea that makes up our computer horizon. This illusion is erroneous because not all active members of the IT community are evaluated, but only those who actively promote themselves through advertising or sales managers. And who is outside our horizons? Yes, tens of thousands of domestic developers different levels professionalism and different areas of tasks to be solved.
It's no secret that the most important component of any computer (except for the hardware inside the case) is the operating system. But do we have here what to look after for ourselves from the domestic? It turns out there is. Here short list real projects that have been launched and have been working for several years:
I decided to consider the first (ROSU), because I guess she is most comfortable for ex Windows users of all I've tried. More precisely: the editorial office "for the people" - Fresh (ie "Fresh" ROSA).
https://pp.vk.me/c622330/v622330599/4a111/e-lkYhJxA2M.jpg
The main problem for the user of the new operating system is mastering the new logic of working with the computer (after all, ROSA is not a Windows clone, but a completely different OS). For example, a person who decides to switch to OS X from Apple will have to resolutely reject Windows habits up to "hot keys". Here the Russian operating system has a minimum of problems: the bottom panel resembles the usual "Vendian" by the logic of its operation, and the menu structure (let's call it "START") will delight you with its simplicity and functionality.
https://pp.vk.me/c624419/v624419599/61c93/7xQG0ybJAO4.jpg
But this is only external "cosmetics". Inside there are all the tools necessary even for a fairly advanced user: built-in players of a huge number of formats, full office suite(similar to MS Office), graphics, audio and video editors, mail client, two (!) browsers for amateurs from different camps (Firefox and Chromium), a client capable of connecting to ICQ and QIP, recording utilities bootable USB drives and disks. If necessary, we re-install Skype, TeamViewer and other useful programs through a convenient and concise program installer (most programs are installed and updated through this tool alone without the need to manually update).
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And even with all the massiveness of the pre-installed set of programs, ROSA manages to load and shutdown faster than the products of the Redmond corporation. And the problem of viruses will only bother those who purposefully install them into the system. They cannot appear “suddenly” on the computer.
With all this, the system has many unique features for the Windows user. Take the opportunity to distribute WiFi Internet from your laptop in two clicks, or the ability, after turning on the "freeze mode", to scoff at experiments on the system, and then after rebooting, see the system in a "pre-frozen" state.
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In general, there are many advantages. You need to feel them to understand this. To do this, it is enough to boot into a full-fledged operating system directly from a CD or flash drive, without installing the system (unusual, right?). And if you like it, then install the system and browse the Internet during installation or write an interesting article.
Another advantage of the Russian OS is an active and accessible Russian-speaking community.
New, eighth version popular system Linux has already been presented to the public. Anyone can download it to their personal computer for free. The main task, according to the representatives of the company, is to popularize Russian developments in the field of IT technologies. "Operating system" Linux has been a worthy competitor to the American OS for many years Microsoft Windows... Basalt SPO specialists consider the OS Linux full-fledged replacement of a foreign operating system.
For example, it is free and not very demanding on the "hardware" of the computer. Indeed, in a foreign OS, with the growth of technological capabilities, the outdated model ceases to be serviced, which forces people to buy not only the operating system itself, but also modern computer... Russian developers have tried to solve this problem. Improved Linux 8 only requires 512MB random access memory and 25 GB of free HDD space for installation.
Moreover, in the standard version, about 30 programs are preinstalled for everyday use, which allows you not to waste time installing them. In addition, the vast majority of virus programs on the Internet are created for the Windows operating system, so the Russian operating system will provide better security.
Evaluation of information
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We continue to try to switch to Russian computers and software. In the first part, we searched and failed. This time the task is much easier - to find and test the domestic operating system.
In search of a domestic OS
The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications maintains the Unified Register of Russian programs for electronic computers and databases. In the Operating Systems category, it offers 47 titles. Most of them are designed for government and corporate purposes, but there are several options for home use.Exclusive rights to programs presented in the Unified Register belong to citizens of the Russian Federation or companies controlled by citizens of the Russian Federation, and payments to foreign companies, if any, do not exceed 30% of the proceeds. But it would be a stretch to call most of them Russian - operating systems, with few exceptions, are based on Linux.Linux kernel can be used without restrictions thanks to free license, but in fact it will not be a development, but a modification. The main components of the systems are also not developed on site Russian Federation by domestic specialists, but only borrowed and adapted for the next assembly.
There are several systems developed in Russia from scratch, but they are not widely used. One of the most famous projects is ReactOS. It is a free open source operating system, which, as conceived by the developers, should have full compatibility with applications and Windows drivers... 20 years after the start of development, ReactOS is in alpha testing and cannot be installed on computers without dancing with a tambourine.
Another well-known domestic OS, developed without using any third-party code, is called "Phantom". His main feature- persistence. This is a kind of hibernation mode, which is characterized by the fact that even in case of shutdown, data does not disappear. The next time the machine is started, the system continues to work from the place in which it was at the time of shutdown.
The main problem with Phantom is the lack of application software. The OS is developed by Digital Zone, which has no funds to create programs. It turns out a vicious circle: as long as there are no programs, there is no distribution of the system; without distributing the system, no one wants to write programs for it. It was also not possible to download the distribution kit. On the official website, the readiness level is designated as proof of concept - "workable code, but stability and completeness are not sufficient for industrial use."
As a result, after a long search, we tried only two systems: ROSA Fresh and Astra Linux Common Edition. The rest are either not available for download, or belong to the corporate segment. Theoretically, for a home computer, you can also download Calculate Linux Desktop, but in terms of composition preinstalled apps this assembly is more suitable for office tasks. We want not only to work, but also to have fun.
Rosa fresh
Rosa Fresh is a home-use system from the ROSA Linux family developed by STC IT ROSA LLC. The products are based on the developments of CentOS, Mandriva and Red Hat Enterprise Linux with the addition of components from Russian developers. Specifically, Rosa Fresh is a continuation of the Mandriva project.Download and install
You can download the distribution kit for installation on a home PC on the developer's official website. It weighs in at about 2GB and is distributed as an ISO file. There is a "native" utility Rosa Image Writer for writing to a USB flash drive.
The program is available on Windows, Linux and macOS. Process of creation bootable flash drive it is as simple as possible.
- Download Rosa Fresh distribution and burning software.
- Connect a USB flash drive to your computer.
- Start Rosa Image Writer.
- Specify the path to the distribution kit.
- Select your USB stick.
- Click Burn.
Installation to disk is standard for Linux builds. You can partition the disk space automatically or create partitions manually. Initial setup the system will also not raise any questions: you just need to select the language, keyboard layout and time zone.
Impressions of use
The first impression is another Linux build. Offers several versions with different desktop environments: Plasma, KDE, Gnome, Mate. The basic ROSA Fresh package contains everything you need for a typical home computer:
- LibreOffice document suite.
- Firefox browsers and Chromium.
- Several simple games and Steam.
- ROSA video player Media Player.
- GIMP for working with images.
- Clementine for music playback and radio listening.
There are several developments of our own. For example, Freeze is a technology for quickly returning to a working state. If you understand that during the current session the system may break, then turn on the "freeze mode", in which on top of the system directories top level interceptor directories will be mounted. All changes that you make to the frozen directories will be saved in them. When the system is rebooted, the contents of the interceptors are deleted, and the system remains in its previous operational state. In this case, the "freeze mode" does not stop working until you turn it off.
SimpleWelcome is a kind of analogue of the "Start" menu, which consists of three sections: "Welcome", "Applications" and TimeFrame. The last section is also a domestic development that allows you to track the work with files in the system.
Rosa Media Player is a Russian video player that, in addition to the usual playback, offers built-in tools for cutting video and saving an audio track, as well as YouTube search and IPTV support.
This is not the end of the domestic components, but it is still difficult to call the system itself Russian: in fact, this is an assembly of Linux, for which an interface was made in Russia and several applications were added.
If you want to try the system, choose to install ROSA Fresh R8.1 KDE is a stable version of the OS. For enthusiasts (or rather, for extreme lovers) there are R9 and R10 versions. So far, only stable crashes and freezes are guaranteed in them.VKontakte has group, in which the developers and users of the OS ROSA Linux apply. A good enough community to get help quickly. This is very good for popularizing the system.
Astra Linux Common Edition
Linux-class system, including free software components and authoring by RusBITech specialists. In fact, it is a certified Debian with a domestic window manager.Astra Linux has another version - Special Edition. It is a special-purpose operating system with data protection components. Astra Linux Special Edition is certified by FSTEC, FSB, the Ministry of Defense of Russia and is designed to process information limited access to the degree of secrecy "Top Secret". Free distribution of the special version is prohibited. On home computer only Common Edition can be installed.
Download and install
You can download the distribution kit on the official website of Astra Linux. The Common Edition weighs more than 4GB, but loads quickly enough. You can use a USB flash drive for installation. Unfortunately, the installer does not have the ability to start without installing the system, so you won't be able to try it - you have to install it.
The installation process itself is typical of Linux. Of the features - a view of the city of Oryol, after which the custom assembly of the system is named. The installation process takes about 20 minutes. The official website has a link to the manual with detailed description all installation parameters.
Impressions of use
The workspace looks decent. Almost all keyboard shortcuts from Windows work in the same way on Astra Linux, so you don't have to get used to different controls. This simplifies possible migration to a domestic system from American OSs if they fall out of favor. There were no problems with the drivers: the connection to the Internet was established immediately, the camera was working, the sound too.
The system is preinstalled with applications that an ordinary user may need for work and play. The LibreOffice package is used to perform office tasks. There is a PDF viewer, simple text editor Kate and the Goldendict Dictionary.
To work via the Internet installed standard set applications: two browsers (Chromium and Mozilla Firefox), postal Thunderbird client, qBittorrent. There is even a Psi + messenger.
Graphics and multimedia apps are fine too. There are several players, tools for working with audio and recording discs, vector and graphic editor, a good built-in screenshot.
There is a section with mobile applications, including another browser, gallery, contact list, mail, SMS, "dialer". The developers have not even forgotten about the games: in addition to Solitaire and Minesweeper, there is a Warzone 2100 strategy and a Xonotic shooter with a multiplayer mode.
conclusions
So far, import substitution in the field of software is based on the use of borrowed source codes, for which domestic components are added. There is a clear bias in favor of the military-industrial complex, corporate and government segments.Systems for ordinary users, if they are created, are, rather, stripped-down versions of special assemblies for military needs, such as, for example, Astra Linux Common Edition. Domestic developers do not hide the fact that it is impossible to compete with Windows and macOS. According to Dmitry Zavalishin, general director of the DZ Systems group of IT companies (it includes the Digital Zone studio, which is trying to launch the Phantom OS), all Russian projects focus on certain niche applications that are ready to provide funding. Therefore, already at the stage of creation, the developers look towards the industrial application of the system.
There is no time to think about the civil needs of ordinary users and it is ineffective - the costs will not pay off in any case. However, unlike domestic PCs, Russian operating systems offer users at least a minimal choice. Therefore, if suddenly tomorrow software from American companies is banned, we will definitely not be left without operating systems - although it will not be very convenient to use them.