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Corps and nutrition of computer systems. Appointment and specifications of devices

Operating system, software installed, Documents, photos, music and movies are stored on the hard disk. HDD ( hard disk) Measured in gigabytes. It is believed that the more, the better. As they say, there is no free space.

The front panel of the PC system unit, as a rule, contains two buttons:

POWER - Used to turn on the computer;
RESET - Used if you need an emergency reboot of the computer if it is hung.

Also on the front panel you can find such items:

indicators - LEDs and light bulbs displaying PCs: Computer display indication, Hard disk status indication.
drives I. optical drives - These are devices designed to work with such media as floppy disks and optical discs.
connectors - Designed to connect some external devices. Most often these are USB connectors, as well as a nest for connecting headphones and microphone.

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The system of the system unit is the most important part of the PC, which protects the internal components of the computer from mechanical and physical influences and ensures their compact mount.

The choice of the body is the responsible task, despite the fact that its value is very small. The inexpensive body, as a rule, includes a power supply, and the stability of the entire computer depends on its power and quality of manufacture. For long-term work, the office requires a rather powerful and high-quality, so the modern office PC power BP should be at least 300-350 W.

For the budget system, the compact steel body of Microatx is perfectly suitable, which is easy to choose a motherboard. Aluminum models are more expensive, and their advantage is only in a smaller weight and, as a rule, in a more attractive design. The range of steel enclosures is much wider, which allows you to choose a model to your taste.

The office of the office computer should be as small as possible - for considerations of practicality and save space, but at the same time connectors (usually audio and USB) on the front panel and the power button should be easily accessible. Sometimes it is useful on the system unit housing to have an eye to fasten the lock - this will allow you to restrict access to the internal components of the computer.

Based on the above, the following PC body was selected, which meets all the main characteristics: Codegen's Codegen's body "M104-A11" (500W).

Figure 10 - Codegen Case "M104-A11" (500W)

Table 10 Specifications of the selected PC housing

Manufacturer

Form factor
Sizes (SHCHG)	175 x 358 x 405 mm
Power Supply	500 watts ATX12V v2.03
Power unit placement	Horizontal
Power supply connectors	1 ATX 20/24-Pin 1 SATA 15-PIN 3 SATA HDD 4-PIN 1 FDD 4-Pin 1 CPU 4-Pin
Number of compartments
The number of compartments 3.5 "
Controls and indications	Power Button Power, HDD Indicators
Ventilation	1 Place for fan D80 / 90 mm on the back wall 1 place for fan D80 mm on the front wall 1 Place for fan D80 mm on the side wall of the hole for ventilation on the side panels
Safety from unauthorized access	Loop for mounted castle
Design features	Removable side panels 2 USB connector and 2 AC "97 audio connector on the front panel 5.25" have a door with a CD button

CPU

The first thing to pay attention to when selecting further PC components is a central processor. From it will depend on the choice of motherboard, and already from it - all other devices.

The central processor (CPU) is a central device of a computer that performs data processing operations and controls computer peripheral devices.

For the PC used when working with office programs and application applications, we will select the Intel processor of the average price category, as its use in multitasking mode is not predicted. In accordance with this, the choice fell on Intel Core 2 DUO E7400.

Figure 11 - Intel Core 2 DUO E7400 processor

Table 11 Specifications of the selected processor

Manufacturer
	Core 2 Duo Desktop Processor E7400
Clock frequency
Number of Cores
Processor nest
	62 KB x2, 3072 kb
Tire frequency CPU.
TechProcess
Dissected power
Critical temperature
Supply voltage	0.85 ~ 1.3625 in
Gross weight

3. Basic characteristics of the system unit

The most "weighty" part of any computer is a system unit (sometimes it is called a computer, which is an invalid error). Inside it is a power supply, a board with central processor (CPU), video adapter, hDD, Drives flexible disks and other information input / output devices. Often the video adapter and I / O controllers are placed directly on the CPU board. Multimedia means can be placed in the system unit: sound fee and reading device optical disks - CD-ROM.

4. Main characteristics of the monitor

Since the use of a monitor for visual output, a large constructive improvement of its functions has occurred. If you first, an electron-beam tube of a regular television receiver was used as a monitor, then in the future the requirements for it increased. In particular, in the monochrome MDA standard, the resolution was 720x350 pixels. In the following, CGA color standard created in 1982 - 640x200 pixels, EGA 1984 - 640x350, VGA 1987 - 640x480, SVGA - 800x600. Now the standard monitor capabilities are 1024x768 with a 32-bit color representation, it is possible to further distribute the resolution of 1280x1024 pixels. This allows you to use the WYSIWYG mode when documenting documents - full match mode, that is, the image on the screen is identical to the fact that it will ultimately appear on the printer.

The display system consists of two parts: the display adapter and the monitor itself. Monitor adapters are divided by supported standard (EGA, VGA, SVGA), bus width (8-bit, 16 or more), frame rate, row frequency can be used with graphic coprocessors, the volume of memory microcircuits used (up to 4 MB or more) . Displays differ by resolution, pointing point in line, sweep frequency, scan type (complete or interlaced), screen size. The adapter continuously scans the video memory, generates a TV signal that is fed into the monitor.

After receiving a copy of the video memory content, these data are embedded in the TV signal. The TV signal in which the contents of the video memory is encoded, is displayed on the cable into the monitor. The monitor processes the TV signal with the data from the video memory and shows them on the screen.

5. Main characteristics of typical peripheral equipment

Peripherals personal computer Connect to its interfaces and are designed to perform auxiliary operations. Thanks to them, the computer system acquires flexibility and versatility.

By destination, peripheral devices can be divided into:

o data entry device;

o data output devices;

o storage device;

o Data exchange devices.

Typical peripheral equipment must meet the simplest user requirements.

6. Characteristics (connection type, number of contacts, data transfer rate) connectors

· Video adapter

Initially, the video adapter had only one VGA connector (15-pin D-Sub). Currently, board are equipped with one or two DVI or HDMI connectors, or Display Port. The D-sub, DVI and HDMI ports are evolutionary stages of the development of the video signal transmission standard, so the adapters can be used to connect devices with these types of ports. Dispay Port allows you to connect up to four devices, including speakers, USB hubs and other I / O devices. The video card is also possible to accommodate composite and S-VIDEO video outputs and video inputs (designated as vivo)

Textural and pixel filling speed is measured in million pixels per second, shows the number of information displayed per unit of time.

· Serial ports

The standard RS-232C serial port has the form of a 25-pin-connector type D.

The RS-232C interface is the most widespread standard sequential link between microcomputers and peripheral devices. The interface defined by the E-Industry Association Standard (EIA) implies the presence of two types of equipment: terminal DTE and a connected DCE.

There are special input and output chips, decisive problems The transformations described above. Here is the list of the most typical signals of such chips:

D0-D7 - Input-output data lines connected directly to the processor bus;

RXD - received data (input sequential data);

TXD - transmitted data (output sequential data);

CTS - reset. On this line peripheral device generates a low level signal when it is ready to perceive information from the processor;

RTS - Transmission Request. On this line, the microprocessor system provides a low-level signal when it intends to transmit data to the peripheral device.

All signals of the programmable chip sequence I / O TTL-compatible. These signals are calculated only on very short links. For consistent data transfer to significant distances, additional buffers and level converters are required between the sequential I / O chips and the communication line.

· Parallel port

The port of the parallel interface was entered in the PC to connect the printer -LP "T-port (Line Printer - a lasting printer).

The parallel interface adapter is a set of registers located in the I / O space. The port registers are addressed relative to the port base address, standard values Which are 386h, 378h and 278h. The port has an external 8-bit data bus, a 5-bit status signal bus and a 4-bit control signal bus.

BIOS supports up to four LPT ports (LPT1-LPT4) by its service - INT 17H interrupt, providing communication with printers via the Centronics interface through them. This BIOS is outputing the symbol, initialization of the interface and printer, as well as the printer status poll.

The SPP Traditional Port (Standard Parallel Port) is a unidirectional port, on the basis of which the CENTRONICS exchange protocol is programmatically implemented. The port provides the ability to generate a request for hardware interruption by a pulse at the input of ASK #. The port signals are displayed on the DB-25S connector (socket) installed directly on the adapter board (or system board) or a flat loop connected to it. The name and purpose of the port connector signals (Table 2) comply with the Centronics interface.

The disadvantages of the standard port partially eliminate the new types of ports that appeared in the PS / 2 family computers.

Bidirectional port 1 (Typel Parallel Port) - Interface entered from PS / 2. Such port besides the standard mode can operate in input mode or bidirectional. The exchange protocol is formed programmatically, and to specify the direction of transmission to the port control register, a special bit was introduced: with CR.5 \u003d 0, the data buffer operates at the output, with CR.5 \u003d 1 - to enter.

The port with direct access to the memory (Type 3 DMA Parallel Port) was used in PS / 2 models 57, 90, 95. This type was introduced to enhance bandwidth And the processor unloading when displaying the printer. A program operating with this port was only required to set the data block in memory to be derived, and the CENTRONICS conclusion was made without the processor.

bandwidth: high to 12 Mbps, low - 1.5 Mbps

the greatest permissible cable length for high speed: up to 3 m

cable length for low bandwidth: 5 m

maximum permissible number of devices (including propellants): 127

supports the ability to connect devices with different speeds exchange

transmitted voltage for peripherals: 5 V

maximum current consumed for one device: 500 mA

In fact, USB 2.0 does not have differences from USB 1.1 In addition to the significantly greater data transfer rate and small changes in the protocol for high-speed Hi-Speed \u200b\u200bmode.

To date, there are three speeds uSB devices 2.0:

Low-Speed \u200b\u200b10-1500 kbps (used for keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.)

Full-Speed \u200b\u200b0.5-12 Mbps (Audio / Video Device)

Hi-Speed \u200b\u200b25-480 Mbps (video devices, information storage devices).

Although in theory speed uSB tires 2.0 is able to reach 480 Mbit / s, in practice the device does not reach this metabolism, although they can develop it. This is due to quite large USB bus delays between the transmission request and the start of the transmission.

· Power monitor

Currently, many video cards are equipped with a VGA port (Video Graphics ARRAY - graphic video card), and a DVI port (Digital Video Interface - a digital video interface), which allows you to connect both the CRT and LCD monitors. At the same time, some LCD monitors can be connected both through the DVI port ( optimal option) and via the VGA port (for the incurability of the DVI port. Unfortunately, since for several years there was no single standard for transmitting LCD monitors, the ports to connect these monitors periodically changed. Further is given. short description The connectors you will encounter when choosing a new LCD monitor. Adapters serve only to set the connection between the monitor plug and the port jack. They do not transform signals that pass through them. Digital signals can only be perceived by digital monitors, and analog - only analog. Monitors designed to receive exclusively digital signals will not be slave after connecting them through an analog port, even through the adapter. DVI-D, DFP. These ports and plugs are designed to transmit only digital signals. DVI-A, VGA. These ports and plugs are designed to transmit only analog signals. DVI-T. Multifunctional port that is capable of transmitting LCD monitors as digital, t not and analog signals. However, not all video cards can generate signals of both types. Find carefully with the characteristics of the video card and specify whether it transmits through the DVI-I port analog, digital or those and other signals. Only so you can find out which monitor is compatible with this video card. DVI plugs can have both analog and digital LCD monitors. Single connection. In such plugs DVI, several rows of pins are located in the middle. They provide the maximum digital resolution of 1280 x 1) 24 pixels. This is the same permission that is stipulated by HDTV (HIGN Definition TV - high definition television). Currently, almost all DVI plugs are transmitted through a single connection. Double connection. DVI plugs have a complete set of pins, which allows them to provide a resolution equal to 2048 x 1536. (This is a QXGA standard that supports greater permission than HDTV standard.) Monitors with such plugs. Shades are quite rare. Installing the monitor Make sure the monitor matches your video card. Flat LCD monitor that can take both analog and digital signalsmay be connected to the highest number of video cards. Accordingly, through a video card, equipped with and a VGA port, and an analog-to-digital port of DVI-I, the largest number of monitors can be connected. Faced the fact that the connectors of the LCD monitor and the video card do not match each other?

Probably in order to mislead customers, some manufacturers indicate that their monitors have a 15-pin D-BUS connector (15-pin mini t\u003e bus). At myself), it means that the monitor can be connected to the usual VGA port present almost on any video card. The most avid fans computer games Can purchase a video card with a vidfeooout port that allows you to connect a home theater. Although the size of most displays is equal to 15 or 17 inches, serious users allow themselves monitors with a screen size of 21 inches and more. If your video card is associated with a television tuner, you definitely need a monitor with big screen For maximum pleasure from viewing TV programs.

1. To connect the monitor, follow these steps:

1. Remove the monitor from the package. Some monitors are supplied with multiple cables and adapters to connect them to different video cards.

2. Place the monitor on the table and connect its plug to the corresponding port. If the connectors are not suitable, it means that you either bought the wrong monitor, or try to connect it not to the same map.

3. Connect the cable to the computer and make sure that it is securely fixed by the monitor. Most of the monitors are installed on a barrier stand. In this case, give cables with a small slack. Otherwise, even slightly turning the monitor, you can pull the cable from the socket.

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Features of ATX format

The ATX standard at one time replaced the outdated AT form factor, but today it is quite serious competition to it formats such as mini-itx and micro-ATX. The advantages of these architectures include the possibility of more optimized and compact device placement. On the other hand, the advantages of which the Micro ATX case possesses is expressed just in versatility. This form factor allows you to install almost all modern power supplies and motherboards (with rare exceptions). Also noted the advantages in the form of a large number of slots, assumed the future expansion functionality Systems. True, as technology develops in the field computer equipment ATX form factor lag is also observed. This, in particular, is already manifested in the problems of combining the inner design of the hulls with 2.5-inch drives.

The main characteristics of ATX buildings

For the hull one of of the most important parameters Is size. In order to simplify the manufacturers and here use a well-established classification that provides for the separation of blocks to Micro, MIDI, MINI formats and full size. It is important to note that the differences in these sizes refer only to the housing itself, and its internal architecture is determined by the ATX specification. It is further important to note the power of the power supply, which can be supplied already in the main configuration.

For example, for a productive "filling" it is necessary to initially navigate the ATX 500W case, which may have Miditower format. This option should be chosen if a high-frequency processor will be provided in the "stuffing", powerful graphic map. and several memory modules. In the remaining cases for simple everyday tasks Computers are equipped with housings with a power unit of about 200-300W. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the capacity of the case. This refers to the number of compartments in which you can integrate hard drivesModules wireless communication, sound devices and video cards.

Reviews of Fractal Design Define R5

In the middle segment of ATX cases, it is possible that this one of the most successful options. According to the owners, the block is quite good opportunities for future extensions, has built-in refurbations, equipped with a quiet fan in operation, and also provides for good defense From dust with noise insulation. In the long run, it does not overshadow this picture and the reliability of component elements with connecting nodes. Even before the hotel, you can also evaluate external advantages to this model. This is a very original ATX building, which is knocked out of a common row of an unusual and bright design. As for the shortcomings, the owners note the absence of a compartment to perform the operational replacement of drives. However, such an opportunity in classical buildings wears, rather, optional character. Also, the minuses of this block include a fairly high cost, which in the domestic market varies from 8 to 10 thousand rubles.

Reviews of the model Zalman Z9 Plus

The Korean firm Zalman is also famous for quite successful cell models, and in different segments. The modification of the Z9 Plus is good because it can be viewed and as a budget option For equipping gaming computer, and as a multifunctional solution for a home or office PC. The advantages of this building, users consider high-quality assembly, the presence of rebala with the thermometer, the original design execution, the presence of built-in filters on the inlet holes, as well as the ability to install up to seven coolers. But there are also the disadvantages that the ATX Zalman housing is performed by the Z9 Plus. The fact is that during operation, the illumination of the fans is not turned off. In addition, the installed refoiss adjusts the speed of only two coolers, so its function can be viewed as limited.

Gigabyte GZ-G1 Model Reviews

Gigabyte is a good version of the MiditoWer single-slot housing, which provides the lower location of the power supply. In the basic configuration, the feeder is not provided, so it will have to be purchased separately. And the design is deprived not only users generally note the poverty of the filling and modest appearance Models. However, these shortcomings are overlapped with high-quality execution of the main task that falls on the ATX MIDITOWER case in the GZ-G1 version. This is an opportunity to arrange all components in its place with maximum reliability and rationality in terms of saving space for fans. It is enough to note the space for nine hard disks. True, for many owners a unpleasant fact that there is no complete possibility to establish at least one drive format 2.5 inches.