the main / BY / The story of the Intel brand. Company "Intel" What is Intel

The story of the Intel brand. Company "Intel" What is Intel

Description of the organization Intel

Products firms Intel

Specifications - Properties and disadvantages --Sossaman

List of microprocessors companies Intel

Intel -4004 processor numbering: The first processor implemented in one -intel386 ex 60 years of continuous innovation aimed at reducing transistors

World events

Events B. Russian Federation

Strategy "Tik-So" on the increasing of technological leadership

Intel introduced some details of the future Nehalem microarchitecture - WiMAX ecosystem

High-performance calculations

Production capacity -New generation of Intel® CPERNO® CPUTRINO® Processor Technology For UMPC and MID-Recognition Intel and Sun-Educational Programs -Egrades-Trade Health Care-Flash Memory

Biographies of Intel managers

Paul Peli.

Andrew Grove

Louis Burns.

Patrick Gelcinger

Intel Core is (Pronounced: Intel Ko) - Mark of various microprocessors of the middle and upper price range in the consumer and industrial markets. Core processors of more productive initial-level processors presented in the Celeron and Pentium market. On the market Servers are also sold more perfect versions of Core processors under the Xeon brand.

In June 2009, the organization announced the abolition of the variety of varieties of this trademark (for example, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Extreme) in favor of three key items: Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7

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Description of the organization Intel

Intel (Intel) - this is Firm producing electronic devices and computer components from chipsets and chips to processors. Robert Neus and Gordon Moore founded Intel. The name "Intel" comes from the words "Integral Electronics". In 1969, Intel presents a bipolar operational storage device 3101 SCHOTTKY (RAM). In 1971, starting to cooperate with the Japanese Busicom organization for the development of microcircuits, Intel has developed the Intel 4004 universal microprocessor, the performance of which was comparable to the performance of the most powerful computers of that time.

In 1973, Intel introduces the standard clothing shape in a clean room - BunnyPeople. Intel Intel developed Intel 8008. In 1977, in 1977, Intel Magnetics Intel begins the production of memory on cylindrical magnetic domains, distinguished by high reliability when exposed to electrical impact, dust, humidity, vibration, etc. In 1980 Intel, Digital Equipment and Xerox launch the Ethernet project, allowing different computers to contact each other through local network. In 1993, Intel represents the Intel Pentium processor (read as Intel Pentium), containing 3.1 million transistors.

In 1998, Intel releases the Intel Celeron budget processor (Intel Seleron is read). In 2003, the processor technology Intel Centrino appears. Intel Centrino for mobile PC provides high performance, enlarged battery life and integrated wireless communication functions, allowing you to make thinner laptops. In 2006, Intel releases two new platforms: Intel Centrino Duo and Intel VIIV processor technologies, as well as Intel Core 2 Duo processor.

Intel Products: Intel: Desktop PC

Intel Core2 processor with VPRO technology

Intel Core2 processor with VIIV technology

Processors

System fees

Microcham Sets

Adapters

Intel: Portable PC

Intel Centrino Processor Technology

Intel Centrino with VPRO technology

Processors

Microcham Sets

Adapters

Mobile Internet Device, MID)

Intel: Servers

Processors

Microcham Sets

Platform

System fees

Adapters

Blade servers

RAID controllers

Data storage systems

Operator class servers

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Intel: Workstations

Processors

Microcham Sets

System fees

Intel: Embedded and Communication Solutions

Processors

Microcham Sets

Wireless networks

Desktop Adapters

Adapters for servers

Ethernet controllers

Computing boards and platforms

Products for fiber optic networks

Microcontrollers

Flash Memory

Intel: Processors

Desktop PC

Portable PC

Workstations

Embedded and communication solutions

Intel: System Boards

Board PC System Boards

System boards for servers

System boards for workstations

Intel: Chip sets

Desktop PC

Portable PC

Workstations

Embedded solutions

Consumer electronics

Intel: consumer electronics

Multimedia processing components

Demodulators and tuners

Intel: Flash Memory

NAND Flash Memory Modules Intel

Intel: Technical Literature

Programming

Design of computer systems

Design of network infrastructure

Strategic technologies

Advanced experience in IT

Intel: Software

Compilers

Intel Vtune Performance Analyzers

Intel Performance Libraries Libraries

Tool kit for multi-threaded programming

Means for work With clusters

Intel: Storage data and input / output systems

SERIAL ATA controllers

SAS controllers

Intel Core Processor Family
Mark.	Stationary			Mobile
Mark.	Code	Number of	date Monetary emission	Code	Number of	date Monetary emission
Core duo.						January 2006.
Core Solo	Version for desktop computers absent					January 2006.
Core 2 duo.			August 2006. January 2007. January 2008.			January 2008.
Core 2 Extreme.			November 2006. November 2007.			January 2008. August 2008.
Core 2 Quad.			January 2007.			August 2008.
Core 2 Solo.	The desktop version is missing					September 2007.
			1st quarter of 2010			1st quarter of 2010
			September 2009. 1st quarter of 2010			1st quarter of 2010
			November 2008. September 2009.			September 2009. 1st quarter of 2010
			November 2008. 2nd quarter 2010			September 2009.

Core CPU
Production:	from 2006 to 2008
Manufacturer:
FrequencyCPU:	1.06-2.33 GHz
FrequencyFSB.:	533-667 MHz
Production technology:
Instructions sets:
Microarchitecture:
Number of kernels:
Connector:
Code namenuclei:

Yonah is the code name of the first generation of Intel mobile processors manufactured using a 65 NM technical process based on the BANIAS / DOTHAN PENTIUM M architecture with added Lagrande protection technology. The overall performance was increased by adding SSE3 extensions support and enhanced SSE and SSE2 extension support. But at the same time, overall performance is slightly reduced due to a slower cache (or rather, due to its high latency). Additionally, Yonah supports NX BIT technology.

The Core Duo processor is the world's best duid processor with an X86 architecture in terms of energy consumption (less than 25WHT), overtaking according to this indicator of previous champions - Opteron 260 and 860 HE with their 55W. Core Duo was presented on January 5, 2006, along with other components of the NAPA platform. This is the first Intel processor, which is used in Apple Macintosh computers (computer included in Apple Developer Transition Kit, used the Pentium 4 processor, but he did not enter a wide sale and was intended only for the needs of the developers).

In the contrast of previous statements, Intel Core Duo supports Intel's virtualization technology called VanderPool, excluding the T2300E model, as they show the Intel Centrino Duo Mobile Technology Performance Brief and Intel "S Processor Number Feature Table. However, it seems that many manufacturers will prefer By default, turn off this technology, good, it is possible to make in the form of the BIOS option.

EM64T (Intel X86-64 extensions) are not supported by yonah. However, EM64T is present in the heir to Yonah, Core 2, having a Merom code name.

Intel Core Duo has two kernels, 2MB 2-level cache, on both cores, and control bus to control the 2nd level cache and the system tire. In future stepping processors Core Duo, it is also expected to turn off one nucleus for better energy saving.

Intel Core Solo uses the same double core as Core Duo, but the worker is only one core. This style is highly in demand for single-core mobile processors, and this allows the Intel disconnecting one of the cores to create a new line of processors, physically releasing only one core. In the end, this allows Intel without a strong damage to sell processors, in which one of the cores turned out to be defective (the kernel is simply disabled and the processor goes on sale under the Core Solo brand).

Specifications

The core of Core Duo contains 151 million transistors, includes a common nuclei for both nuclei, 2MB 2 level cache. The Yonah conveyor contains 12 stages, transition predictor operating at a frequency of 2.33 to 2.50 GHz. The exchange of data between the 2-level cache and the nuclei is carried out by means of an arbitration tire, which reduces the load on the system bus. As a result, the 2-level kernel-cache data exchange operation ranges from 10 cycles (Dothan Pentium M) to 14 clocks. With increasing clock frequencies, the delay began to grow very strongly. The kernel nutrition control components include a temperature control unit that is capable of controlling separately powered by each nucleus, achieving a very effective power management.

Intel Core processors are connected to a system logic set by 667 T / S system bus (anti-533MT / S system tire, which was used in Pentium M).

Yonah maintain Intel 945GM, 945PM and 945GT system logic sets. Core Duo and Core Solo use FCPGA6 packaging (478 PIN), but at the same time the pinout does not coincide with the pinout used in the previous Pentium M, respectively, they require new motherboards.

Advantages and disadvantages

In many applications (with the support of both cores), Yonah demonstrates uncharacterically large improvement in performance over its predecessors.

two computing kernels without a significant increase in energy consumption

outstanding performance

outstanding coefficient "Performance on Watt"

The disadvantages of Yonah largely inherit from the previous architecture of Pentium M:

high delay when referring to memory due to the lack of an integrated memory controller on the kernel (further exacerbated by using the DDR2 memory)

weak Performance Block Floating Point (FPU)

there is no support for 64-bit (EM64T)

no hyper-threading

sometimes it shows the worst "performance per watt" in single-threaded and weakly splashing tasks, compared with its predecessors

The Yonah platform is designed in such a way that any access to RAM pass through the North Bridge, which increases the delays compared to the AMD TURION platform. This weakness is inherent in the entire line of Pentium processors (desktop, mobile and server). However, synthetic tests show that a huge 2nd level cache completely effectively compensates for the delays when accessing RAM, which minimizes the decrease in performance due to large delays in real-world applications.

Many believe that the lack of support for 64 bits in Yonah will lead to significant restrictions in the future. However, the spread of 64 bit OS is now limited by the lack of demand in the market market, and the situation will begin to change after 2008. In addition, few laptops require support for more than 2GB RAM, respectively, there is no need for 64-bit addressing. From here, many people tend to trust manufacturers and sellers of mobile computers, arguing that EM64T support is currently not in demand.

The SOSSAMAN processor for servers, which is based on the Yonah kernel, is also EM64T compatible. For the market for servers, which is more demanding, all major OS already have EM64T support.

Based on this, some consider Core as a temporary replacement that allowed Intel to close the transition between the Pentium series and 64-bit Intel Core 2 processors that have become available in the summer of 2006.

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In accordance with the Intel Plans for Mobile Processor Releases, in 2005, it seems that Intel is mainly going to focus on the large power consumption of its P6 + Pentium M and intends to reduce it by 50% with Yonah. Intel plans to continue the release of desktop (NetBurst) architecture with reduced power consumption for productive mobile solutions and the use of Pentium M / Core processors for medium and low-performance solutions, low power consumption. This policy has been changed later when it became difficult to maintain power consumption and at the same time increased productivity where it is only possible. Intel changed politics and abandoned NetBurst and replaced it with P6 + Pentium M / Core. It brought P6 + Pentium M / Core into high-performance and low-consuming solutions.

The Yonah derivative, the SOSSAMAN code name, is represented on March 14, 2006 as Dual-Core Xeon LV. Sossaman is actually Yonah, except that SOSSAMAN supports configurations with two processor connectors (only 4 kernels).

Listmicroprocessors FirmsIntel Starting from the first 4-bit 4004 (1971) to the most recent 64-bit models ITANIUM 2 (2002) and Intel Core I7 (2008). Specifications are given for each microprocessor.

Numbering Intel processors

The first Intel products have become memory chips (PMOS chips), which was assigned to 1xxx numbering. The 2xxx series developed NMOS microcircuits. Bipolar microcircuits were attributed to the 3xxx series. 4-bit microprocessors received 4xxx designation. The CMOS chips received 5xxx designation, the memory on magnetic domains - 7xxx, 8 and more discharge microprocessors and microcontrollers belonged to the 8xxx series. 6xxx and 9xxx series have not been used.

The second digit indicated the type of product: 0 - Processors, 1- microcircuits RAM, 2 - controllers, 3 - chips ROM, 4 - shift registers, 5 - chips EPLD, 6 - ProM chips, 7 - EPROM chips, 8 - observation chips and schemes Synchronization in pulse generators, 9 & trade facilities for telecommunications.

The third and fourth digit corresponded to the sequence number of the product.

For processors such as 286, 386, 486, coprocessors were issued for floating point operations, as a rule, the last figure in such coprocessors was 7 (287, 387, 487).

4004: The first processor implemented in the same microcircuit

Frequency: 740 kHz

Intel's technical documentation from Intel relating to 4004, including the very first prospectuses issued in November 1971, explicitly indicate that the minimum clock signal is 1350 nanoseconds, which means that the maximum clock frequency at which 4004 can function normally is 740 kHz . Unfortunately, in many sources there is another, the incorrect value of the maximum clock frequency is 108 kHz; This figure is given on some Internet pages of the company Intel! The minimum cycle time of the instruction 4004 is 10.8 microseconds (8 synchronization signal cycles), and most likely someone once confused this figure with a maximum clock frequency. Unfortunately, this error got very widespread.

Speed: 0.06 MIPS

Bus width: 4 bits (multiplexing of the address of the address / data tire due to a limited number of chip conclusions)

Number of transistors: 2,300

Technology: 10 microns PMOS

Addressable Memory: 640 byte

Memory for the program: 4 KB

One of the first commercial microprocessors

Used in Busicom Calculator

On the microprocessor 4004 was built "brain" of the pioneer-10 spacecraft, the launch of which was held in March 1972. The intended life cycle was about 2 years, but until 2003, when radio communications with the device, computer and most of his electronic systems continued to function.

Trivia: The initial goal was to achieve the frequency IBM 1620 (1 MHz); It was not achieved.

Presented: in August 1994

An option 80386SX intended for embedded systems

Static kernel, which allows you to lower the clock frequency in order to save energy up to a complete stop

Peripheral devices integrated into the chip:

Manage clocks and power consumption

Timers / Counters

Watchman's Timer

Sequential I / O modules (synchronous and asynchronous) and parallel I / O

RECORDING RAM

JTAG testing logic

Much more successful than 80376

Used on board various orbital satellites and microsteps

Used in the NASA-Watch project FlightLinux

60 years of continuous innovation aimed at reducing transistors

It all started with the creation of an Intel® microprocessor - inventions, which was the beginning of the technical revolution. Intel and today continues the traditions of developing revolutionary technologies. We attract the best minds of modern science in order to expand the borders of innovation and strengthen their position as a global leader in the field of semiconductor technologies. We strive to create technologies that change the world.

novationan\u003e

Santa Clara, pcs. California, January 29, 2007 - Since the invention of the first transistor (1947), the rapid development of technologies prepared the soil to create more advanced and productive, and at the same time economical and energy-saving devices. Despite the success in this area, the growth of heat release and electric leakage currents remained the most important obstacle to the reduction of the size of the transistors and following the law of Moore. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in that some materials used over the past 40 years in the production of transistors, it was necessary to replace.

Intel transistors applied advanced materials to create its 45-nanometer (Nm) transistors, the combination of which allows to achieve very low leakage currents and record high performance. Having created the first operational samples of five processors with code names with the code names with the Core ™ 2 and Intel® Xeon®) on the basis of the new 45-nanometer production technology (a new generation of Intel® Core ™ 2 families and Intel® Xeon®), Intel was able to successfully overcome complex barriers, once again confirming the justice of the Moore law. Thus, many obstacles are eliminated on the path of further development of microelectronics, which will ensure opportunities for the development and production of energy-saving, economical, high-performance components (processors, etc.) for various devices: from laptops and mobile devices Before desktop PCs and servers.

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As it was planned earlier, Intel intends to begin a mass production of products based on 45-nanometer production technology in the second half of this year.

In the 60th anniversary of the appearance of the first transistor, it is appropriate to look back, remember the history of microelectronics and the most important milestones on the creation of the Innovative 45-nanometer semiconductor technology Intel, which will ensure the implementation of the Moore law and its relevance in the next decade.

December 16, 1947: William Shockley (William Shockley), John Bardeen and Walter Brattain (Walter Brattain) from Bell Labs created the first transistor.

1950: William Shockley developed a bipolar planar transistor, today this device is usually called a transistor.

1953: The first commercial device based on the transistor & NDA has been released lawwardy apparatus.

October 18, 1954: The first transistor radio (REGENCY TR1) appeared on the market (Regency TR1), only four Germany transistors were used.

April 25, 1961: The first integrated circuit was issued; He received Robert Noyce (Robert Noyce), subsequently became one of the founders of Intel Corporation. The first transistors could be used in radio and telephones, but something more compact - integrated circuits were required by new electronic devices.

1965: Mura is proclaimed - Gordon Moore, also one of the founders of Intel, in an article published in the journal Electronics Magazine., predicted that in the future the number of transistors on one chip will be honored every year (ten years later, it was adjusted for every two years).

July 1968: Robert Neuss and Gordon Moore quit from Fairchild Semiconductor and founded a new corporation that received the name Intel (reducing "Integrated Electronics" - microelectronics).

.: Intel has created the first successful transistor tech radio receiverssilicon shutter - PMOS. In the transistors, a shutter with a dielectric from traditional silicon dioxide (SiO2) was still used, however, new control systems for polycrystalline silicon appeared.

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1971: Intel released its first microprocessor - 4004. Microprocessor 4004 had a 1/8 inches size per 1/16 inches (3.18x1.59 mm), contained only a little more than 2,000 transistors and was produced on a 10 micron production PMOS technology Intel.

1978: The 16-bit 8088 processor containing 29,000 transistors worked with clock frequencies 5, 8 or 10 MHz. The most important trade agreement with the new unit of IBM, developed a personal computer, later (in 1981) made a microprocessor Intel 8088 "Brain" of a new hit in the market - IBM PC. The success of the microprocessor 8088 allowed Intel to enter the prestigious Fortune 500 rating, and Fortune magazine called Intel one of the "business triumphs of the seventies".

1982: A microprocessor 286 is created, also known as 80286, - the 16-bit Intel processor, which was capable of performing programs written for its predecessor. The 286th processor contained 134,000 transistors, its clock frequencies accounted for 6, 8, 10 and 12.5 MHz.

1985: The Intel386 ™ microprocessor released, which contained 275000

1993: The Intel® Pentium® processor has been released, which has 3 million transistors and manufactured by 0.8 micron production technology Intel.

February 1999: Intel released the Pentium® III processor on sale - a silicon crystal containing more than 9.5 million transistors and manufactured by

January 2002: Presented the latest version of the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor with a clock frequency of 2.2 GHz, intended for high-performance desktop PCs. The processor was produced at 0.13 micron production technology and contained 55 million transistors.

August 13, 2002: Intel introduced several technological innovations included in the new 90-nanometer production technology, among which were more productive transistors with reduced energy consumption, tense silicon technology, high-speed copper interconnections and a new dielectric material LOW-K. It was the industry's first example of the use of tense silicon technology in the production of processors.

March 12, 2003: Date of birth of the Intel® CENTRINO® Revolutionary Technology for Mobile PCs; It included the latest version of the Intel processor for mobile PCs - Intel® Pentium® M. This processor created on the basis of a new microarchitecture specially optimized for mobile PCs was produced at 0.13 micron production technology Intel and consisted of 77 million transistors .

May 26, 2005: The first mass dual-core processor Intel - Intel® Pentium® D, which contained 230 million transistors and produced by the most advanced high-grade 90-nanometer production technology Intel.

July 18, 2006: The release of the Intel® ITANIUM® 2 dual-core processor has begun, which has the most difficult structure in the world and containing more than 1.72 billion transistors to this day. This processor is produced according to Intel's 90-nanometer production technology.

July 27, 2006: The debut of the new dual-core processor Intel® Core ™ 2 DUO - a processor, ahead of time. This processor containing more than 290 million transistors was created in several advanced laboratories of the world based on the Intel® Core ™ revolutionary microarchitecture using a 65-nanometer production technology.

September 26, 2006: Intel announced that there are more than 15 types of products based on new 45-nanometer production technology, including the Penryn code name family (evolutionary step in the development of Intel Core microarchTur), designed for the segments of the desktop market, mobile and corporate systems.

January 8, 2007: Expanding the availability of quad-core processors into a segment of mass PCs, Intel began selling its Intel® Core ™ 2 QUAD processor for desktop PCs made on 65 nanometer production technology, and also released two more quad-core server processors of the Intel Xeon family. The Intel Core 2 Quad processor contains more than 580 million transistors.

January 27, 2007: Intel published data on the start of using two new materials for creating transistors (High-K and Metal Gate), which will be used for insulating walls and logical shutters in hundreds of millions of microscopic 45-nanometer transistors (or switches) in the composition Multi-core processors of the new generation of Intel Core 2 Duo families, Intel Core 2 Quad and Intel Xeon (Penryn code name). On the basis of these advanced 45 nanometer transistors, the first efficient samples of five future processors have already been made.

Intel, the leading global manufacturer of innovative semiconductor components, develops technology, products and initiatives aimed at continuous improving the quality of life of people and improving their methods Work.

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Events B. world

In November 2007, Intel introduced 16 Intel® Core ™ 2 Extreme and Intel® Xeon® processors for high-performance PCs and servers, respectively, created using a completely new, 45-nanometer technology for the production of transistors, allowing to significantly reduce leakage currents, reduce power consumption and Increase productivity. In addition to the fact that these processors demonstrate a high level of calculation performance and consume less electricity, it is no longer used by environmentally unsafe lead, and since 2008, halogen-containing materials are also used. Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel, the largest achievement of the industry over the past 40 years, these processors are the first devices, for the production of Intel using a metallic gate transistors (Metal Gate) and a dielectric with a high dielectric transmission coefficient (HIGH-K) based on Hafnia.

In the first quarter of 2008, the exit of other family processors are expected, including mass dual-core and quad-core processors for desktop PCs, as well as dual-core processors for laptops.

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Events B. Russia

The latest quad-core Intel® Xeon® E5472 processors with a frequency of 3.0 GHz will be used in the MSU and SURGU supercomputers, combined into the GRID system and developed by the T-Platform company together with the IPS RAS as part of the program

Strategy "Tik-So" on the increasing of technological leadership

Intel updates production facilities and modernizes the architecture of processors in accordance with the strategy called "TIK-so" and reflecting the well-defined mechanism for the adaptation of new production process and optimization of microarchitecture with constancy, similar to the oscillation of the clock pendulum. "TIK" means the introduction of the new 45-nm technical process for the production of products based on the Intel® Core ™ microarchitecture, which is today the basis for all X86-products Intel; "So" - the introduction of a new microarchitecture in 2008, which has the code name of Nehalem and using all the advantages of the loaded 45-nm production.

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In addition, Intel introduced the first functional chip of the static memory with a capacity of 291 MB, made according to the 32-nm technological process, built on the next-generation transistors with a metal shutter and a High-K dielectric and containing more than 1.9 billion transistors. Intel plans to bring the device to the market created on 32-nm technical process in 2009.

Intel introduced some details of the future Nehalem microarchitecture

Nehalem microarchitecture, first openly represented by the President and Chief Executive Director of Intel Corporation Poland Othellini at Intel Forum for developers in September with. G., determines the fully new schemes of the processor and dynamic system with scaling capabilities that demonstrate all the advantages of 45-nm technological process Using Intel transistors with a metal shutter and a dielectric with a high dielectric permeability coefficient (Hi-K). Products based on Nehalem microarchitecture will have no less than 731 million transistors, maintaining the simultaneous processing of multiple data streams and a multi-level cache architecture. Nehalem will increase the peak bandwidth of memory devices up to three times compared with modern processors of other companies. Internal connections supported by the Intel® QuickPath architecture, the large-scale sectoral support of which was announced by Othellini, will provide a high transfer rate Data. Serial production of products based on nehalem microarchitecture will begin in the second half of 2008.

WiMAX ecosystem development

In the World: In the middle of the year, Intel began the test delivery of its integrated Wi-Fi / WiMAX solutions for laptops, ultra-mobile PCs (UMPC) and mobile Internet devices (MID). It is envisaged that in mid-2008, the Corporation will release its first built-in module with support for WiMAX and Wi-Fi standards, which currently carries the code name Echo PEAK and is intended for use in mobile PCs based on Intel® CENTRINO® processor technology Generations (code name - Montevina), as well as in ultra-mobile PCs. The module optimized for mobile Internet devices with low power consumption currently carries the code name Baxter PEAK and is also scheduled for release in 2008.

In September 2007, Nokia decided to use the WiMAX module from Intel for future Nokia N-Series Tablet PCs.

In October with. The ITU agency included WiMAX to the IMU Communication Technologies, which allows you to give an additional impetus to the development of Mobile WiMAX.

In Russia: in December 2007, Comstar-United TeleSystems OJSC, the largest operator of integrated telecommunication services in Russia and other CIS countries, and Intel Corporation announced the signing of a strategic cooperation agreement on the development of Mobile WiMAX technology in Russian Federation. In accordance with Agreement, Comstar-UTS and Intel Corporation at the first stage of cooperation will focus its efforts on the Moscow region as the most prepared for adaptation of advanced wireless data transmission technologies. "Comstar-UTS" plans to build and until the end of 2008, launch WiMAX network to commercial operation iEEE standard standard 802.16E (Radio Frequency Range of 2.5-2.7 GHz), covering the entire territory of Moscow. For its part, Intel will help expand the supply of client devices with integrated WiMAX support.

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High-performance calculations

In the world: according to the latest rating list of the 500 highest performance in the world (TOP500), published in November 2007, 354 positions in it occupy SMP systems and clusters based on Intel® processors. Thus, Intel has delivered a new record for the use of its processors in the most powerful supercomputers of the planet - the previous record was set two years ago and was 333 systems.

In Russia: Russia in the November 2007 Rating top500 is represented by seven systems and together with Switzerland and Sweden ranks 9th in the list of countries with the highest performance computers. At the same time, 6 out of 7 russian systemsThe Tor500 list is based on the Intel® Xeon® Four-core Intel® Xeon® Series 5300 (4 clusters) and dual-core Intel® Xeon® Series 5100 dual-core (2 clusters). The unconditional leader among the domestic development systems is the cluster of the Interdepartmental Supercomuter Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which occupies 33 string in the top500 list and based on 470 HP ProLIANT BL460C blades based on the latest quad-core processors Intel® Xeon® 5365 (total - 3760 computing kernels), which allowed him exceed the peak performance of the system equal to 45 teraflops. In early 2008, the peak performance of the computing system of the MSC RAS \u200b\u200bwill reach 100 TFLS.

Niocarian

In the world: in February p. Intel demonstrated a prototype of a 80-nuclear crystal with a nail finger value, the performance of which exceeds 1 TFLFS, but the power consumption is at the same time at the level of modern devices.

In addition, in 2007, Intel continued to develop the concept of semiconductor photonic technologies and made another breakthrough - created a semiconductor laser modulator based on silicon and, which enters the data encoding at a speed of 40 Gb / s.

In November 2007, at the next annual races of car robots organized by the US Department of Defense Research Works (Defensed Research Projects Agency, Darpa) and named this time Darpa Urban Challenge Race (Racing in urban conditions under the auspices of Darpa) , Junior Stanford University, sponsorship support when creating an Intel, took second place. Two computers served as the Heart of Junior, each of which had one quad-core Intel® Core ™ 2 Quad Q6600 processor with a clock frequency of 2.4 GHz and intel board® D975XBX2 with 2 GB of RAM. A car-robot named BOSS, created by the team team of the University of Carnegie Mellona and General Motors and came first, has 10 dual-processor servers based on Intel® Core ™ 2 Duo dual-core processors - thus, the BOSS robot was controlled by 40 computing cores.

In Russia: in June 2007, in paragraph. Satis (Diveevsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region) on the territory of the eponymous technopark took place the solemn opening of the new office of the Center for the Development Center and Intel Research, which was previously located in Sarov. Sshayche 100 Center specialists

Intel - programmers, engineers, researchers - moved to a new office and laboratory body Satis technopark. The Sarov Center for Research and Development Intel supports such software products, such as highly recommended software libraries, implementing complex mathematical algorithms for solving various scientific tasks. Some employees are involved in the creation of software tools for mathematical and physical modeling of processes occurring in semiconductors, which allows you to create processors of new generations. Intel's Sarov Center is also developed by other priority software technologies, including multiprocessor and multi-threaded programming systems.

Production facilities in January 2007 at the Intel D1D pilot experimental factory, pcs. Oregon was obtained the first viable microprocessor from the latest 45-nm family of Intel products. Today, in addition to D1D, Intel 45-nm products based on 300-mm substrates releases Fab 32 factory in Cendler, pcs. Arizona, and in 2008, two more 300-mm factory will be launched: Fab11x in Rio Ranch, pcs. New Mexico, and Fab 28 in Kiryat Gate, Israel. Intel's total investments in re-equipment of their production facilities exceeded $ 8 billion. Also in March with. Intel Corporation announced its plans for the construction of a new microcircuit factory based on 300-mm silicon substrates, which will be located in the northeast of China in Dalian (Liaonin Province). For the construction of new Production capacityThe Fab 68 was named, 4.5 billion dollars were allocated. This will be the first Intel factory for the production of microcircuits in the Asian region.

The new generation of Intel® Centrino® processor technology In May 2007, Intel introduced the new generation of Intel® CENTRINO® processor technology (previously wore Santa ROSA code name), which includes the Intel® Core ™ 2 DUO processor, a high-speed wireless connection module with protocol support 802.11n, rich graphic features and optional Flash Memory Module Intel® Turbo Memory. Laptops for business application have found a new brand in Intel® Centrino® Pro, which has ensured a new level of security and manageability of mobile technologies. Today, in the world, over 10 million Mobile PCs based on the Santa Rosa platform for the corporate segment and mass corporation.

At present, Intel is preparing to enter the market to the processor technology of a new generation under the code name Montevina, the release of which is planned to begin in mid-2008 in Montevina processor technology included new processor Intel with PENRYN code name for mobile PCs, manufactured using a 45-nanometer production technology, and a new generation chipset supporting DDR3 memory. This platform will be the first version of the Intel Centrino processor technology for mobile PC, which will include an optional integrated module that supports Wi-Fi and WiMAX technologies. In addition, this processor technology will support HD-DVD / Blu-ray video formats (for mass users), as well as a new generation of data management and information security features (for business users). Thanks to the use of approximately 40% of more compact components, Montevina processor technology will become the ideal solution to create various types of mobile PCs - from subnotubes to full-size laptops.

Platforms for UMPC and MID

In the spring of 2007, Intel introduced the McCaslin platform for the Mobile Internet Device (MID) and Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC) class devices, and in September, the MENLOW platform release was announced in the first half of 2008, which contains the developed "from scratch" The code name Silverthorne on the basis of the 45-nanometer process, as well as a fully recycled chipset under the codenamed Poulsbo, implemented as a single microcircuit. The MENLOW platform will provide excellent performance at low power consumption and will fit on a 74x143 mm system board, which will allow access to all Internet capabilities and create enough compact handheld devices. The SILVERTHORNE processor will reduce energy consumption 10 times compared with modern processors having the lowest power consumption.

Intel and Sun interaction

In January 2007, in January 2007, Sun Microsystems and Intel announced the conclusion of a strategic alliance, in which the Intel Corporation will promote the Solaris ™ operating system, and Sun Corporation will include in its products of enterprise level servers, telecommunication servers and workstations based on processors Intel® Xeon®. This agreement covers products such as SOLARIS OS, Java ™ and NetBeans ™ software, Intel® Xeon® processors, as well as other Intel and Sun technologies. Within the framework of the Alliance, the joint development of software and hardware solutions will be carried out, as well as joint marketing campaigns.

In Russia: in December with. G. Sun Microsystems Cis, Intel and Far Eastern State University (FEG) announced the start of the project to build a courtyard computing cluster based on the Sun Blade 6000 modular system, consisting of 60-server "blades" based on quad-core Intel® Xeon® series 5300 series . The purpose of this implementation is to solve problems on ensuring computational capacities of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and humanitarian sciences, as well as developments in the field of high technologies.

Educational programs

In the world: Intel Corporation continues the implementation of the Intel® program "Training for the Future" program, an aimed at the provision of practical skills to the organization of educational and research corporations of schoolchildren using modern IT. By the end of 2007, the inactorization of the World Charitable Intel® Charitable Program "Training for the Future" will be more than four million teachers and students of pedagogical universities from 40 countries of the world, including agreementUkraine and Azerbaijan.

In Russia and other CIS countries: the number of Russian leaders of the program by the end of 2007 will exceed 500,000 (in Ukraine - 82,000, in Azerbaijan, the most "young" region of the CIS in terms of the program is 500 teachers). Within the framework of the program in various regions of the Russian Federation from Kaliningrad to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, more than 100 training sites operate - at the Institutions of advanced training, pedagogical universities and colleges, intershotok methodical and urban educational centers, which collaborate with more than 300 international, federal and regional organizations, including municipal educational institutions, departments and departments of education, funds; At the same time, the number of program partners is constantly growing.

In addition, Intel and Microsoft announced their participation in the long-term project, implemented by a non-commercial foundation for cultural support, science, education and health, "free business", on the transfer of modern computing technology to Russian schools. The project is intended to contribute to the saturation of schools with advanced information technologies, an increase in the level of computer literacy of Russian schoolchildren and the development of the skills of using modern computer equipment teachers in the educational process. A corporate project of the Fund "Volnoe Business" plans to annually transfer to Russian state schools to 200 thousand computers.

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Games in the world: Intel presented Intel® Core ™ 2 Extreme X7800 and X7900 dual-core processors for mobile PCs. These are the world's first high-performance processors for laptops that continue the line of the most modern Intel processors for desktop PCs. In addition, Intel has announced the acquisition of Havok Corporation leading an interactive supplier software and services used by the developers of digital resources in the field of game creation and film industry. HAVOK Corporation has passed into the full possession of Intel Corporation and became her subsidiary. In Russia: over 50 thousand spectators gathered exciting virtual competitions on the Counterstrike discipline as part of a series of exhibition matches and Intel Challenge Cup tournaments (Intel Cup), organized in 2007 by Intel with the support of the Computer Sport Federation of Moscow. You could become a witness to a highly professional cybizitive show, a free visiting series of the series in one of the 6 cities of their holding (Kiev, the Lower Novogorne, Rostov-on-Don - in the spring of 2007; Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan - in the fall of 2007), the internationally elected The tournament at the September "game" exhibition Game'x in Moscow, or watching the course of the game using direct Internet broadcast on the Rambler Vision channel.

Digital Health

In the world: In February, Intel announced the development of the first specialist in the field of health care, called "Mobile Assistant medical worker"(Mobile Clinical Assistant, MCA) and intended for medical personnel in hospitals. At the end of the year, Intel and Motion Computing® company announced the results of several clinical trials, conducting medical centers. The platform systorporecorrotaging is more than 1000 clinics around the world, and doctors report that many positive results have been achieved: the increase in the workability of medical staff, booster the impassiveness of their work, the degree of compliance with medical standards, and also increased the efficiency of filling the diseases of the disease.

In Russia: In September, Intel, Cisco, EMC and AGFA announced the formation of an open alliance in Russia, designed to promote the active development and introduction of modern health information features. As its main tasks at this stage, the Alliance participants see consultations with state and legislative authorities on the implementation of promising IT in the field of health care, as well as support for Russian developers and manufacturers of IT solutions for this sphere.

Flash Memory

In the world: In May, Intel, Stmicroelectronics and Francisco Partners are announced that the independent semiconductor company Numonyx receives funds for the development, which are allocated from the main production funds that brought the organizers in the past year about $ 3.6 billion. Cumulative income. The main purpose of the new company will be the production of non-volatile memory NAND and NOR for a variety of household and industrial devices, including cell phones, MP3 players, digital cameras, computers and other high-tech equipment.

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In 1990, Othellini was appointed General Manager for Intel® Microprocessors, and it was under his leadership three years later the Corporation introduced the Intel® Pentium® processor.

In 1992-98. Othellini worked as an executive vice president of sales and marketing. In this post, he was engaged in promoting Intel's solutions in new markets and contributed to the introduction of systems ecommerce For business worldwide.

From 1998 to 2002, P. Othellini held the post executive vice president and general manager of the Intel Architecture Group division, which is engaged in microprocessors and sets of microcircuits and developing strategies. In this post, he controlled the activities of all Intel business units, impacuing to systems of enterprises, mobile PC and desktop PC.

Othellini received a bachelor's degree in economics at the University of San Francisco in 1972 and the MBA degree in Calicorporation University in Berkeley in 1974.

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Andrew Grove

Andrew Grove (Andrew S. Grove) was born in Budapest (Hungary) in 1936 graduated from City College in New York in 1960, receiving a bachelor's degree in chemical technology. He received a Ph.D. in the University of Philosophy in California in Berkeley in 1963 at the end worked in a researcher managertorii Fairchild Semiconductor, where in 1967 he took the position of assistant research on research and development.

In July 1968, Dr. Grove took part in creating Intel. In 1979, he became its president, in 1987 by the Executive Director, and in 1997 the executive dirkorpration of the board of the Board of Directors. In May 1998, he refused the post of executive director, remaining as Chairman of the Board of Directors.

Dr. Grove is the author of more than 40 technical publishing-solid patents in the field of semiconductor technologies and devices. Within 6 years, he taught physics of semiconductor devices to students of Senior California University courses in Berkeley. Now he reads a lecture course on the topic "Strategy and activities in the field of data processing industry" at the School of Business Stanford University.

Andrew Grove was awarded a number of prestigious academic awards, in particular, the degree of honorary doctor of CITY COLLEGE (New York) in 1985, the degree of doctor of engineering of the Polytechnic Institute of Worcester in 1989 and the degree of Honorary Dr. Legal Sciences of Harvard University in 2000

The first book of Grock, "Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices" ("Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices"), published in John Wiley and Sons, Inc. In 1967, was used as a textbook in many leading US universities. Book "High Output Management" ("Effective management) issued by Random House (1983) and Vintage (1985) was transferred to 11 languages \u200b\u200band recently published a new edition in Vintage Books publishing house. The book "One-on-One with Andy Grove" ("Face to face with Andy Grove") was published by Publishers G.P. Putnam "S Sons (in June 1987) and Penguin (in 1989). The book of Grove, named" Only The Paranoid Survive "(" survive only obsessed "), was released by DoubleDay publishing house in September 1996, and his The last work entitled "Swimming Across" was published in November 2001. Time Warner Books publishing house. Grove is the author of many articles in Fortune magazines, and New York Times, and also leads a management column in several newspapers and Working Woman magazine.

Andrew Grove was elected an honorary member of the IEEE society and a member of the National Academy of Engineering Sciences (National Academy of Engineering. Andrew Growv's activities are marked by numerous awards, incl. Engineering Leadership Recognition Award (1987), awarded by IEEE, and the AEA medal (1993) for outstanding achievements. In 1997, the Industry Week magazine assigned Andrew Growney title "Technology Leader of The Year", CEO magazine announced his "executive director of the year", and Time magazine called him a "man of the year". In 1998, the Academy of Management called Growv "Head of the Year". In 2000, Andrew Grove received an IEEE Honorary Medal (American Institute for Electrical Engineering Engineers and Radioelectronics). In 2001, he was awarded a medal for outstanding achievements (Lifetime Achievement Award) of the Society of Strategic Management.

Louis Burns.

Louis Burns is the Vice-President of Intel Corporation and its General Manager of its Digital Health Group division. Prior to that, he served as the General Manager of the Desktop Platforms Group (DPG) division, which is focused on designing, developing and promoting Intel solutions for desktop systems, including processors, microcircuit sets, system boards, software and services.

Earlier, Burns was the Vice-President of Intel and the General Manager of the Platform Components Group, which is the main developer of logic circuits and chip sets with an integrated graphics core for Intel Corporation. Burns also held the post of vice-president and director of information technology divisions, providing the operation of the computing resources of Intel units around the world. Performing these duties, Burns learned about how difficulties IT-units face daily: from the adoption of strategic decisions on further activities to problems related to the procurement tactics of products.

Burns also worked for 12 years in Intel divisions engaged in sales and applied products, and has the widest experience in the constantly developing global market for computing systems. In 1996

Burns was appointed vice president of Intel, and in 1997 he was chosen for this position.

Patrick Gelcinger

Patrick Heel Corporates the senior vice-prizeholder intel and its general manager of its division of the Digital Enterprise Groupmen fuser operates in Intel since 1979 for 20 years of his career in the corporation, he held various leadership posts in Intel's products development divisions. He headed the technological division of the Intel Corporation, which includes the advanced laboratories of Intel Labs and Intel Research, developing and promoting technologies and initiatives in order to disseminate them in the industry. Taking the position of Chief Director for Technology, Patrick Gelcinger coordinated the long-term research projects Intel and helped ensure the coherence of software development programs, network and communication systems and Intel technologies.

His destination corporations For the first time, the post of chief director of Intel's main director, Gelsinger, held the position of Chief Director for Technology Technologies Intel Architecture GROUP. In this capacity, he coordinated the activities of the study, development and design of hardware and program technologies Next generation for platforms with Intel architecture offered in the consumer and corporate PC market.

Earlier, Gelsinger headed the DESKTOP Products Group, and was responsible for the development of processors, chipset sets and system boards for desktop, intended for customers and OEM-manufactured projects were the responsibility of Intel technologies in the field of technologies for desktop PCs and the Intel forum organization for developers. In 1992-96 Patrigorporation played a prominent role in the development and implementation of systems for Intel® Proshare® video conferencing and communication equipment For Incorporation1992, he held the post of General Manager of the Division, which developed the Pentium® Pro processor family, InteldX2 ™ and Intel486 ™. In addition, Gelcinger headed the Platform Architecture Group, was the main architect of the I486 ™ processor, the methodology development manager, and also made a key contribution to the development of I386 ™ and I286 processors.

Patrick Gelcinger patented 6 inventions and implications for patents in the construction of super-high integrated circuits, computer architecture and communications. It is the author of more than 20 publications on these topics, including the Books "Programming for 80386" (published in 1987 by the Sybex Inc Publishing House), and the owner of numerous Intel awards and other prestigious sectoral bonuses. At the age of 32, he became the youngest vice president in Intel's history.

Patrick Gelcinger graduated from the Technical Institute. Lincoln (1979), has a bachelor's degree of Santa Clara University (1983, a diploma with honors) and Master of Technical Sciences of Stanford University (1985). All of its degree is related to electrical engineering. Gelcinger is married and has four children.

Sources

Official site of the company Intel

SKIF-grid of the Union State of Russia and Belarus. Intel's innovative technologies ensure the solution of winning up to 30% in terms of performance in real applications, as well as 12% better power consumption indicator compared to the currently leading blade solution with similar performance.

- Is a Programming Model Developed by Intel to Ease The Exploitation of Its Future Multi Core Chips, As Demonstrated by The Tera Scale Program.it Is Based on the Exploitation of Simd to Produce Automatically Parallelized Programs. EXTERNAL LINKS * ... ... Wikipedia

Intel P4. - May refer to: * Intel Pentium 4, a 7th Generation Intel CPU Design * Intel 80486, a 4th Generation Intel Processor Design ... Wikipedia

Intel P3. - May refer to: * Intel Pentium III, a 6th Generation Intel CPU Design * Intel 80386, A 3RD Generation Intel Processor Design ... Wikipedia

Intel P2. - May Refer to: * Intel Pentium II, a 6th Generation Intel CPU Design * Intel 80286, A 2nd Generation Intel Processor Design ... Wikipedia

Intel Ct. - EST UN MODèLE DEVELOPÉ PAR Intel. Il A Pour But De Tirer Part Des Capacité Des Futurs Processeurs De La Firm Et De La Multiplicité de LEURS CœURS D EXECUTION. Il Est Utilisé Dans Le Cadre du Projet Tera Scale. C EST UNE ... ... Wikipédia EN Français

The following units operate:

Intel Client Computing Group
Data Center Group.
Internet of Things Group
NON-VOLATILE MEMORY SOLUTIONS GROUP
PROGRAMMABLE SOLUTIONS GROUP.

March 23, 2017 Intel announced the emergence of two new members on the Board of Directors. We are talking about General Director of Medical Equipment Companies Medtronic Omar Ishrak (Omar Ishrak), as well as the Financial Director and Executive Vice-President for Corporate Development and Strategy Boeing Greg Smith (Greg Smith).

After the entry of Omar Ishrak and Greg Smith in the Intel Board of Directors, the number of members has grown to 13, including the Chairman of Brian. The composition is as follows:

Performance performance

2018: Revenue growth by 13% to $ 70.85 billion

Mergers and acquisitions

History Intel Filled with numerous absorption transactions, many of which are described.

Development centers

In Russia

In Europe

Intel Exascale Computing Research Center - Intel, France Atomic Energy Commission, National Agency of France's High-Performance Systems and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines University have agreed to create a research center Exascale Compting Research Center in Paris. Its walls will develop high-performance systems that work thousands of times faster than the most powerful supercomputers today.

Germany - In Germany, Intel research centers are located in Braunschweig, Munich, Saarbrucken and Ulm. In the research center in Braunschweig, there are studies of future generations of microprocessors and computer platforms. There are also studies of high-performance systems with the number of computing nuclei from several tens to several hundreds, solutions of the system-on-chip format for mobile Internet devices and new computer memory architectures. One of the key areas of the Center is to develop emulation systems, allowing to reduce the time for the market for new processors.

Laboratory of open studies in Munich was opened in March 2009. It is held here both internal and open studies that help in creating new models of doing business. Intel VCI is in Saarbrucken - Institute Intel for the study of visual computing. It was founded in May 2009 and is the largest project in Europe, organized jointly with the university, the University of Saarbrucken. Here are carried out both fundamental and applied studies aimed at developing new means of interaction between a person with a computer. In Ulme, the tools are issued to develop software for mobile devices and sets to debug applications for embedded solutions and applications for execution on multi-core systems.

Ireland - Intel's research activities in Ireland concerns the search and development of new methods of microcircuit production. Studies are mainly focused on nanotechnology and methods for the further embodiment of the Moore law. There are studies of new memory structures, technologies of self-assessment of nanoparticles, options for using nanotubes, new variants of silicon chips designs and so on.

In Ireland is the founded Intel Labs EUROPE and National University Ireland Joint Institute. Its purpose is to develop new models and ICT implementation methods. The center is supported by a unique consortium, which includes key market players, non-profit organizations and community scientists, including Microsoft, SAP and Ernst & Young *. Another center, Tril Center, located in Dublin, focused in the following directions: improving the quality of life and interaction of the elderly, as well as the preservation of the independence of those who suffer from memory disorders. Within three years, this center is planned to invest about $ 30 million. Another Intel laboratory, located in Shannon and founded in 2000, is developing technologies for use in blade servers and highly integrated compact embedded systems.

Israel - The research center in Haifa was founded in 1974, becoming the first center for planning and developing outside. Today, Intel has four centers in the country, the center of developments in Haifa with departments in Jerusalem and Yakume, as well as the center in Petah Tikve. Most Engineers in Israel are involved in the development of computer processors, wireless communication technologies, software and technologies for entertainment. In Haifa, new multi-core processor architectures are currently being developed, which could be put in thinner and lightweight devices. In Israel, the development of LAN controllers and firmware is also being developed. Intel VPRO components are being developed in Jerusalem, and Petah Tikve is WiMAX solutions.

Poland - Located in Gdansk Center Intel is the largest in the European Region. The laboratory was opened in October 1999 after the acquisition of Olicom Poland. The Center Research Group is divided into five teams involved in the development of software for the Intel Digital Enterprise Group and Mobility GROUP subdivision.

Saudi Arabia - Intel Research Center is located in Dakhrane. Local specialists are developing hardware and software tools, with which oil and gas-producing companies are able to develop specialized software for leaving deposits. The laboratory is equipped with a computing system based on ITANIUM 2 and XEON processors.

Spain - In the research center in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bopen in 2002, the development of microprocessor architectures and tools for writing software for future processors are carried out.

Turkey - Founded in 2006, the research center in Istanbul is one of the eleven innovation centers in the world. Its works are digital technology in health care, mobile systems, digital home. Technologies are being developed here for industry and education.

- Built near Heathrow Airport, FasterLab Lab has developed solutions for financial sector, high-performance computing technologies and virtualization and standard development.

UAE - In the United Arab Emirates, Intel centers are open to Dubai and Abu Dhabi. In the Center for Applied Research in Abu Dhabi, testing and optimization of products based on Intel solutions are carried out intended for the oil and gas sphere. These products help companies look for new deposits and produce ready-made products to the market.

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Microprocessor technology background

In the late 1960s of the last century, the information technologies had a flourishing of integrated digital chips with rigid logic. There was an opportunity to create relatively compact counting machines, automation and control systems.

But any devices built on integrated circuits were not universal. Each task was created their own solution. All attempts of engineers create multitasking machines led to a significant increase in dimensions and excessive complication of schemes.

The fracture towards new technologies was called. The first who carried out the breakthrough became Intel.

Founders intel

Photo: Intel Free Press

Intel was founded by Robert Neus and Gordon Moore. A little later, Andy Grove joined them.

Neus grew up in the family of the priest of the Congregationist Church, but this did not prevent him from graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and become an integrated microcircuit developer engineer. He married the most beautiful girl release a university with which four children raised.

Sheriff's son Gordon Moore received a doctorate degree in chemistry and physics in the California Institute of Technology. In 1965, he brought the famous "Moore Act". In 1950, he met Betty's Girl, who became his wife and gave him two sons.

The leaving from Hungary Andy Grove was born in a Jewish family, as a result of permanent persecutions, in 1956 emigrated in the United States to Uncle. Received a doctorate of chemical engineering in the University of California. The author of the slogan in the approach of doing business "survive only paranoids."

Despite the fact that I created Intel Robert Neuss and Gordon Moore, Grove, hired at first, as the top manager, became also considered the founder of the enterprise.

Start

Eight talented engineers who will later be called "treacherous eight", in 1957 founded Fairchild Semiconductor for the development and production of silicon transistors. Not quite understanding commercial games in the Silicon Valley "Verger G8" fell under the influence of Fairchild Camera & Instrument, which began to use Fairchild Semiconductor as a dairy cow. Salary fell, and the best developers began to leave the enterprise.

It was also associated with the restriction of the freedom of "treacherous eight", which worked a lot, but, according to the management company, is not organized. Especially voluntary employees tried to protest, but in vain. In retaliation Bob Vyravar went to work with a goat, who plited the lawn before the office and gadal on him.

Foundation of the company

Robert Neus and Gordon Moore quit and founded their own company in 1968. For the company that the wound did not exist in the Silicon Valley, there is no chance of getting an investment. No one will contact "nobody". But, having a reputation for serious developers in the field of microelectronics, they did not have to look for an investor for a long time. Noise was enough to write a business plan on one page to investor on the same day allocated 2.5 million dollars.

Initially, the company was named on the initials of the creators of N. M. Electronics, but the name was associated with old-fashioned provincial instruments manufacturing firms. Then, imitating Hewlett-Packard, the phrase of the Moore-Noce was trifting, but it sounded on the hearing how "more noise" ("more interference"). It was decided to stay at the inegrated electronics, but did not suit the dismissions. Then someone came to the head to cut both words and combine into one legendary - Intel.

Access to the market

Intel startup started with the development of RAM microcircuits, which required huge equipment for the purchase of equipment. We had to save. Salary of Neuss, regularly running in search of additional investors, was only $ 30,000 a year, which is three times less than on Fairchild Semiconductor.

Nevertheless, after 18 months, Intel introduced the first chip 3101 with SRAM technology, and after another month 1101 MOS technology performed on the basis. Such a rapid and unpredictable growth rate of Intel was disturbed by competitors. The transition to MOP technology was a serious jump.

But the golden hour for Intel came after appeal to the Japanese company Busicom. The Japanese asked to connect 12 modules in 1. In fact, it was the process of creating a computer in one chip - a prototype of a modern processor, which gave an impetus to the movement of Intel forward.

Intel's history of the company you can look in the video.

Marketing Policy

For a long time, Intel was not known to the final buyer. The usual user is indifferent to the brand and manufacturer of the processor installed in the computer. From the mid-90s due to the real commercial threat from AMD, Intel begins to invest millions of dollars in the inbreding. Now the company's logo is necessarily present on each computer., and on television channels, in magazines, an Intel advertising is posted on the sites, driven by the idea to buy computers only with Intel processors. It affected.

Financial growth

Headquarters in Santa Clare
Photo: Coolcaesar

A quarter of a century, permanently, Intel keeps the palm of championship among processor and motherboard manufacturers. The team of 12 engineers in 1968 rose to the number of 150,000 people, and the initial capital of $ 2.5 million, taken on credit, has become the company's balance sheet value of $ 170.85 billion.

Revenue from sale in recent years ranges within $ 53-56 billion per year, and net profit of $ 9-13 billion. Intel produces about 80% of the processors from world production.Approximately the same indicators and in the production of graphics cards.

Intel's marketing policy and regular emissions to the market of innovative products, practically made insignificant competitors approach the levels sales Intel. For example, a well-known AMD company produces only 10% of processors, which provokes it to regular claims to the Antimonopoly Committee on Intel.

Intel in Russia

Officially, Intel went to Russia in 1991. Intel opened three centers of research and development (R & D) in Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk and Moscow in Russia. In addition, Intel works with universities towards improving the qualifications of teachers and students in the field of scientific research. In IFT, with the assistance of Intel, the Department of Microprocessor Technologies opened.

Intel today

For many years, there is only 88-year-old Gordon Moore, who is not participating directly directly in the management of the company. Intel's wheel - executive director Brian Krzhanich and President Rene James.

In 2017, Intel remains the world leader in the production of microprocessor devices. Interestingly, when Robert Neus implemented the first intel shares in 1971, he hardly imagined that every dollar nested by the shareholder will return 270,000 dollars in the 90s.

Understand the company Intel And three of its founders can only be when you understand the silicon valley and its origins. And in order to do this, you need to penetrate the company's story. Shokley Transistor, Treacherous eight and Fairchild Semiconductor. Without their understanding, Intel will remain for you the same as for most people - a secret.

The invention of computers did not mean that the revolution began immediately. The first computers based on large, non-shrouded, quickly breaking electronic lamps were expensive mounds, which could only contain corporations, universities where scientific research was conducted, and the military. The appearance of transistors, and then new technologies that allow millions of transistors on a tiny microchip, meant that the computational power of many thousands of Eniac devices can be focused on the head part of the rocket, in a computer that can be kented and in portable devices.

In 1947, Bell Laboratory engineers John Bardin and Walter Brattein invented the transistor, which was represented by the general public in 1948. A few months later, William Shockley, one of the employees of Bell, developed a model of a bipolar transistor. The transistor, which, in fact, is a solid-state electronic switch, replaced the bulky vacuum lamp. The transition from vacuum lamps to transistors laid the beginning of a tendency to miniaturization, which continues today. The transistor has become one of the most important discoveries of the XX century.

In 1956, the Nobel laureate in Physics William Shockley created the company SHOCKLEY SEMICONDUCTOR LABORATORY to work on four-layer diodes. Shocley failed to attract their former employees from Bell Labs; Instead, he hired a group, in his opinion, the best young electronics specialists who have recently graduated from American universities. In September 1957, due to the conflict with Shockley, who decided to stop the study of silicon semiconductors, eight key employees of Shokley Transistor decided to leave their jobs and start doing their own business. Eight people are now forever known as a treacherous eight. This epithet gave them shocks when they left work. The eight includes Robert Neuss, Gordon Moore, Jay Lasta, Gina Guiurni, Viktor Grhenich, Yujina Kleiner, Sheldon Roberts and Julius Blanca.

After care, they decided to create their own company, but the investment to take it was nowhere. As a result of a call, 30 firms they stumbled upon Fairchild - the owner of Fairchild Camera and Instrument. He happily invested one and a half million dollars to a new company, which was almost twice as much as it was originally considered the eight of its founders. The so-called transaction with the award was concluded: if the company is successful, he will be able to redeem it completely over three million. Fairchild Camera and Instrument took advantage of this right in 1958. Came a subsidiary of Fairchild Semiconductor.

In January 1959, one of the eight founders of Fairchild, Robert Neuss invented a silicon integral scheme. At the same time, Jack Kilby in Texas Instruments invented Germany integrated circuit for six months before - in the summer of 1958, however, the Neuss model turned out to be more suitable for mass production, and it is it used in modern chips. In 1959, Kilbi and Neuss independently submitted applications for patents on the integrated circuit, and both successfully received them, and Neuss received his patent first.

In the 1960s, Fairchild became one of the leading manufacturers of operating amplifiers and other analog integrated circuits. However, at the same time, the new management of Fairchild Camera and Instrument began to limit Fairchild Semiconductor's freedom, which led to conflicts. Members of the G8 and other experienced employees one after another began to dismiss and base their own companies in the Silician Valley.

The first name selected by Necess and Murom was NM Electronics, N and M - the first letters of their surnames. But it was not too impressive. After a large number of not very successful offers, such as the Electronic Solid State Computer Technology Corporation, came to the final decision: the company will be called Integrated Electronics Corporation. In itself, it was also not too impressive, but there was one dignity. Abbreviated company could be called Intel. It sounded well. The name was energetic and eloquent.

Scientists set themselves a completely definite goal: create a practical and affordable semiconductor memory. Nothing similarly was previously created, given the fact that the storage device on silicon chips was worth at least a hundred times more expensive for the time of memory on magnetic cores. The cost of semiconductor memory reached one dollar per bit, while the storage device on magnetic cores was worth only about the cent of the bits. Robert Neuss said: "We needed to make only one thing - to reduce the cost a hundred times and thereby conquer the market. This is exactly what we basically and engaged. "

In 1970, Intel has released a memory chip in 1 kbps, far exceeding the capacity of the current microcircuits (1 kbps is 1024 bits, one byte consists of 8 bits, that is, the microcircuit could store only 128 bytes of information, which is negligible for modern standards. ) The created chip, known as the dynamic operational storage device (DRAM) 1103, was by the end of next year the most sold semiconductor device in the world. By this time, Intel rose from a handful of enthusiasts to the company, numbering more than a hundred employees.

At this time, the Japanese company Busicom turned to Intel with a request to develop a set of microcircuits for a family of highly efficient programmable calculators. The initial design of the calculator was provided for at least 12 microcircuits of various types. Intel Ted Hoff Engineer rejected this concept and instead developed a single-chip logical device that receives the application commands from semiconductor memory. This central processor has been working running a program that allows you to adapt the microcircuit functions to perform incoming tasks. The microcircuit was universal in nature, that is, its use was not limited to a calculator. The logical modules had only one destination and a strictly defined set of commands that were used to control its functions.

One problem was connected with this microcham: all rights to it belonged exclusively Busicom. Ted Hoff and other developers understood that this design has almost unlimited use. They insisted that Intel bought the rights to the created chip. Intel suggested a busicom to return 60 thousand dollars paid by it for a license in exchange for the right to dispose of the developed microcircuit. As a result, Busicom, being in a difficult financial situation, agreed.

On November 15, 1971, the first 4-bit microcomputer kit 4004 appeared (the term microprocessor appeared significantly later). The microcircuit contained 2300 transistors, cost 200 dollars and in its parameters was comparable to the first EUM ENIA created in 1946, which used 18 thousand vacuum electronic lamps and occupied 85 cubic meters.

The microprocessor performed 60 thousand operations per second, worked at a frequency of 108 kHz and was produced using a 10 micron technology (10,000 nanometers). The data was transmitted by 4 bits for tact with blocks, and the maximum addressable memory volume was 640 bytes. The 4004th was used to control traffic lights, when analyzing blood and even in the Pioneer 10 Research Rocket, launched by NASA.

In April 1972, Intel released the 8008 processor, which worked at a frequency of 200 kHz.

The following processor model, 8080, was announced in April 1974.

This processor has already contained 6000 transistors and could be addressed to 64 KB of memory. The first personal computer (not PC) is assembled on it. Altair 8800. The CP / M operating system was used in this computer, and Microsoft has developed a language interpreter for it. programming Basic.. It was the first mass model of the computer for which thousands of programs were written.

Over time, 8080 has become so famous that he began to copy it.

At the end of 1975, several former Intel engineers involved in the development of the 8080 processor were created by Zilog. In July 1976, this company released the Z-80 processor, which was a significantly improved version of 8080.

This processor was incompatible from 8080 by contact conclusions, but combined many different functions, such as memory interface and RAM update scheme, which made it possible to develop cheaper and simple computers. The Z-80 also includes an extended set of 8080 processor commands, which allows using its software. This processor includes new teams and internal registers, therefore software developed for Z-80 could be used almost with all versions of 8080.

Initially, the Z-80 processor worked at a frequency of 2.5 MHz (later versions already worked at a frequency of 10 MHz), contained 8500 transistors and could address 64 KB of memory.

Radio SHEC has chosen the Z-80 processor for its personal computer TRS-80 Model 1. Soon the Z-80 has become a standard processor for systems operating with the CP / M operating system and the most common at that time.

Intel did not stop at the achieved, and in March 1976 released the 8085 processor, which contained 6500 transistors, worked at 5 MHz and was produced in 3 micron technology (3000 nanometers).

Despite the fact that it was released a few months earlier than the Z-80, he never managed to achieve the popularity of the latter. It was used mainly as a control chip of various computerized devices.

In the same year, Mos Technologies released a 6502 processor, which was absolutely not similar to Intel processors.

It was developed by a group of engineers of Motorola. The same group worked on the creation of a 6800 processor, which in the future was transformed into the family of processors 68000. The price of the first version of the 8080 processor reached the three hundred dollars, while the 8-bit 6502 cost only about twenty-five dollars. Such a price was quite acceptable for Steve Woznia, and he embedded the processor 6502 to the new models of Apple I and Apple II. The 6502 processor was also used in the systems created by Commodore and other manufacturers.

This processor and its successors were successfully worked in game computer systems, which included Nintendo Entertainment System. Motorola continued to work on creating a 68000 processor series, which were subsequently used in Apple Macintosh computers. The second generation of MAC computers used the PowerPC processor, which is a successor of 68000. Today, Mac computers switched to the PC architecture and use some processors, system logic chips and other components with them.

In June 1978, Intel introduced the 8086 processor, which contained a set of commands under the codenamed x86.

The same set of commands is still supported in all modern microprocessors: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950x and Intel Core i9-7920X. The 8086 processor was completely 16-bit - internal registers and data bus. It contained 29,000 transistors and worked at 5 MHz. Thanks to the 20-bit address bus, it could address 1 MB of memory. When creating the 8086th, backward compatibility with the 8080s was not provided. But at the same time, the significant similarities of their commands and the language allowed to use earlier software versions. This property subsequently played an important role to quickly transfer CP / M system (8080) on PC rails.

Despite the high efficiency of the 8086 processor, its price was still too high by the standards of the time and, which is much more important, for its work, an expensive microcircuit of supporting a 16-bit data bus was required. To reduce the cost of the processor, in 1979 Intel released the 8088 processor - a simplified version of 8086.

The 8088th used the same inner kernels and 16-bit registers as 8086, could address 1 MB of memory, but unlike the previous version used an external 8-bit data bus. This allowed backward compatibility with a previously developed 8085-developed 8085 processor and thereby significantly reduce the cost of the systemics and computers created. That is why IBM chose the 8088 processor for its first PC, and not 8086. This decision had far-reaching consequences for the entire computer industry.

The 8088 processor was completely software-compatible with 8086, which made it possible to use 16-bit software. In the processors 8085 and 8080, a very similar set of commands was used, so programs written for processors of previous versions could be easily converted for processor 8088. This, in turn, made it possible to develop a variety of programs for IBM PC, which was the key to his future success. Not wanting to stop halfway, Intel was forced to provide 8086/8088 backward compatibility support with most processors released at that time.

Intel immediately began to develop a new microprocessor after exit 8086/8088. Processors 8086 and 8088 demanded a large number of support chips, and the company decides to develop a microprocessor that already contains all the necessary modules on the crystal. The new processor included a plurality of components previously produced in the form of individual chips, this would allow dramatically to reduce the number of microcircuits in the computer, and, therefore, and reduce its value. In addition, the internal command system was expanded.

In the second half of 1982, Intel releases an embedded processor 80186, which, in addition to the improved 8086 kernel, also contained additional modules that replace some support chip.

Also in 1982, 80188 was released, which is an option of microprocessor 80186 with an 8-bit external data bus.

A 16-bit X86-compatible microprocessor 80286 was released on February 1, 1982 was an advanced version of the 8086 processor and possessed 3-6 times greater performance.

This qualitatively new microprocessor was then used in an IBM PC-AT epochal computer.

The 286th was developed in parallel with the processors 80186/80188, but it did not have some modules in the Intel 80186 processor. The Intel 80286 processor was produced in exactly the same case as Intel 80186 - LCC, as well as in PGA enclosures with sixty eight with conclusions.

In those years, the backward compatibility of the processors was still maintained, which did not bother to introduce various innovations and additional features. One of the main changes was the transition from the 16-bit internal architecture of the processor 286 and earlier versions to 32-bit internal architecture of the 386th and subsequent processors belonging to the category IA-32. This architecture was presented in 1985, but it took another 10 years so that such oSAs Windows 95 (partially 32-bit) and Windows NT (requiring the use of exceptionally 32-bit drivers). And after another 10 years later, Windows XP operating system appeared, which was 32-bit both at the driver level and at the level of all components. So, the adaptation of 32-bit calculations was required for 16 years. For the computer industry, this is quite a long time.

80386th appeared in 1985. It contained 275 thousand transistors and performed more than 5 million operations per second.

Compaq's DeskPro 386 computer was the first PC created on the basis of a new microprocessor.

The following from the family of processors X86 was the 486th, which appeared in 1989.

Meanwhile, the US Department of Defense did not please the prospect of staying with a single supplier of chips. As the latter became less and less (remember, what kind of zoo was observed at the beginning of the nineties), the importance of AMD, as an alternative manufacturer, grew. By agreement of 1982, AMD had all licenses for the production of processors 8086, 80186 and 80286, however, the freshly developed 80386 Intel processor to transmit AMD refused to be categorically. And the agreement broke. Further followed by a long and loud trial - the first in the history of companies. He ended only in 1991 by Victory AMD. For its position Intel paid the plaintiff a billion dollars.

But nevertheless, the relationship was poured, and there was not a relationship about the former confidence. Moreover, the AMD went along the way Reverse Engineering. The company continued to produce different hardware, but completely coinciding the Microc of the AM386 processors, and then AM486. Intel went to court here. The process was dragged for a long time, and the success turned out to be on one, then on the other side. But on December 30, 1994, a court decision was made, according to which the Intel microcode is still the property of Intel, and somehow it is not good to use other companies if the owner does not like it. Therefore, since 1995, everything has changed seriously. In Intel Pentium and AMD K5 processors, any applications for the X86 platform were launched, but from the point of view of architecture they were fundamentally different. And it turns out that at all the real competition Intel and AMD began only after a quarter of a century after the creation of companies.

However, to ensure compatibility, cross-pollination technologies have not gone anywhere. In modern Intel processors, a lot of patented AMD, and, on the contrary, AMD gently adds instruction sets developed by Intel.

In 1993, Intel introduced the first Pentium processor, the performance of which increased fivefold compared with the productivity of the 486 family. This processor contained 3.1 million transistors and performed up to 90 million operations per second, which is about one and a half thousand times higher than the speed of 4004.

When the next generation of processors appeared, those who hoped the name Sexium were disappointed.

The P6 family processor, called Pentium Pro, was born in 1995.

Revising the architecture P6, Intel in May 1997 introduced the Pentium II processor.

It contained 7.5 million transistors, packed, in contrast to the traditional processor, in the cartridge, which made it possible to place the L2 cache directly in the processor module. It helped to significantly increase its speed. In April 1998, the Pentium II family was replenished with a cheap Celeron processor used in the home PC, and the Pentium II Xeon professional processor, intended for servers and workstations. Also in 1998, Intel first integrated the second-level cache memory (which worked at the full frequency of the core of the processor) directly into the crystal, which made it possible to significantly increase its speed.

While the Pentium processor rapidly conquered the dominant position in the market, AMD acquired Nexgen, who was working on the NX686 processor. As a result of the merger of companies, AMD K6 processor appeared.

This processor, both in hardware and software, was compatible with the Pentium processor, that is, installed in the socket Socket 7 and performed the same programs. AMD continued the development of faster versions of the K6 processor and won a significant part of the middle class PC market.

The first processor for desktop computing machines of the older model containing the built-in second-level cache and operating with the full core frequency was the Pentium III processor, created on the basis of the Coppermine kernel, presented at the end of 1999, which was, in essence, Pentium II, Containing SSE instructions.

In 1998, AMD introduced the Athlon processor, which allowed her to compete with Intel on the high-speed desktop market practically on equal.

This processor was very successful, and Intel got him represented by a decent opponent in the field of high-performance systems. Today, the success of the Athlon processor does not cause doubt, but during his release to the market for this account there were concerns. The fact is that, in contrast to its predecessor, the K6, which was compatible both on the software and the hardware level with the Intel processor, Athlon was compatible only at the software level - it required a specific set of microcircuits of system logic and a special socket.

New AMD processors were produced in 250-nm technology with 22 million transistors. They have a new unit of integer calculations (ALU). The EV6 system bus provided data transmission on both fronts of the clock signal, which made it possible at a physical frequency of 100 megahertz to obtain an effective frequency of 200 megaggers. The amount of the first level cache was 128 KB (64 Kb of instructions and 64 kb of data). The second level cache reached 512 KB.

The year 2000 was marked by the emergence of new developments of both companies in the market. On March 6, 2000, AMD released the world's first processor with a clock frequency of 1 GHz. It was a representative of the popularity of the Athlon family at the Orion Core. Also, AMD first introduced the Athlon Thunderbird and Duron processors. The DURON processor, essentially, was identical to the Athlon processor and differ from it only the smaller volume of the second level cache. Thunderbird, in turn, used integrated cache, which made it possible to increase its speed. Duron was a cheaper version of the Athlon processor, which was designed primarily in order to make a worthy competition in low-cost Celeron processors. And Intel at the end of the year introduced a new Pentium 4 processor.

In 2001, Intel has released a new version of the Pentium 4 processor with a working frequency of 2 GHz, which became the first processor reached such frequency. In addition, AMD introduced the Athlon XP processor created on the basis of the Palomino kernel, as well as the Athlon MP, designed specifically for multiprocessor server systems. During 2001, AMD and Intel continued to work on improving the performance of the microcircuits being developed and improving the parameters of existing processors.

In 2002, Intel introduced the Pentium 4 processor, which first reached the operating frequency of 3.06 GHz. Following processors for it will also support Hyper-Threading technology. The simultaneous execution of two streams is given for processors with Hyper-Threading technology. Performance growth in 25-40% compared to conventional Pentium 4. This inspired programmers to develop multi-threaded programs, and prepared soil for the emergence of multi-core processors.

In 2003, AMD released the first 64-bit ATHLON 64 processor (Clawhammer code name, or K8).

Unlike server 64-bit ITANIUM and Itanium 2 processors optimized for the new 64-bit architecture of software systems and quite slowly working with traditional 32-bit programs, Athlon 64 embodies the 64-bit expansion of the X86 family. After some time, Intel presented its own set of 64-bit extensions, which called EM64T or IA-32E. Intel extensions were almost identical to AMD extensions, which meant their compatibility at the program level. Until now, some operating systems call them AMD64, although in marketing documents, competitors prefer their own brands.

In the same year, Intel produces the first processor in which the third-level cache - Pentium 4 Extreme Edition was implemented. It was built in 2 MB of cache, the number of transistors was significantly increased and as a result - performance. The Pentium M microcircuit also appeared for laptop computers. She wondered how component The new Centrino architecture, which was supposed to reduce power consumption, thereby increasing the battery resource, secondly, to ensure the possibility of producing more compact and lung buildings.

In order for the 64-bit calculations to become a reality, 64-bit operating systems and drivers are required. In April 2005, Microsoft began to distribute the trial version of Windows XP Professional X64 Edition supporting additional instructions AMD64 and EM64T.

Not driving turnover, AMD in 2004 produces the world's first dual-core X86-core Athlon 64 x2.

At that time, very few applications could use two cores simultaneously, but in a specialized productivity gains was very impressive.

In November 2004, Intel was forced to cancel the release of the Pentium 4 model with a clock frequency of 4 GHz due to heat sink problems.

On May 25, 2005, Intel Pentium D processors were first demonstrated. There is nothing to say about them, except that only about heat dissipation in 130 W.

In 2006, AMD represents the world's first 4-nuclear server processor, where all 4 cores are grown on one crystal, and not "glued" from two, like a business colleague. Solved the most complex engineering tasks - and at the stage of development, and in production.

In the same year, Intel changed the name of the Pentium brand on Core and released the Core 2 Duo dual-core chip.

Unlike the NetBurst architecture processors (Pentium 4 and Pentium D), in the Core 2 architecture, the rate was not made to increase the clock frequency, but to improve other processor parameters, such as cache, efficiency and number of cores. The dispersion capacity of these processors was significantly lower than that of the desktop Pentium. With TDP parameter equal to 65 W, core processor 2 had the smallest dissipated power of all available then on the sale of desktop microprocessors, including on the prescott kernels (Intel) with TDP equal to 130 W, and on SAN DIEGO (AMD) cores with TDP equal to 89 W.

The first desktop quad-core processor was the Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 with a clock frequency of 2.67 GHz and 8 MB of second-level cache.

In 2007, the 45-nanometer microarchitecture of Penryn was published using HI-K metal shutters without lead. The technology was used in the Intel Core 2 DUO processor family. Support for SSE4 instructions was added to the architecture, and the maximum amount of 2-level cache in dual-core processors increased from 4 MB to 6 MB.

In 2008, the next generation architecture was published - Nehalem. Processors acquired a built-in memory controller supporting 2 or 3 channels DDR3 SDRAM or 4 FB-DIMM channel. A new QPI bus arrived at the FSB bus. The volume of the 2nd level cache reduced to 256 KB per each kernel.

Soon Intel translated Nehalem architecture to the new 32-nm technical process. This line of processors was named Westmere.

The first model of the new microarchitecture was Clarkdale, which possesses two nuclei and an integrated graphics core produced in 45-nm technical process.

AMD tried to keep up with Intel. In 2007, she released a new generation of microprocessor architecture X86 - Phenom (K10).

Four cores of the processor were combined on one crystal. In addition to the Cache of the 1st and 2nd levels of the model, the K10 finally received L3 of 2 MB. The amount of data cache and level of level 1 was 64 KB each, and the 2nd level cache - 512 KB. Also appeared promising support for the DDR3 memory controller. In K10, two 64-bit controllers were used. Each processor kernel had a 128-bit floating point calculation module. In addition to all, new processors have worked through the Hypertransport 3.0 interface.

In 2009, many years of conflict was completed between Intel and AMD corporations related to patent law and antimonopoly legislation. So, for almost ten years, Intel used a number of dishonest decisions and receptions that prevented the fair development of competition in the semiconductor market. Intel put pressure on his partners, forcing them to refuse to acquire aMD processors. Customer bribing was used, providing large discounts and conclusion of agreements. As a result, Intel paid AMD 1.25 billion dollars and pledged to follow a certain set of business activities of the following 5 years.

By 2011, the Athlon Epoch and the competitive struggle in the processor market has already moved into some calm, but it lasted at all long ago - in January, Intel presented her new Sandy Bridge architecture, which became the ideological development of the first generation Core - the whole milestone that allowed Xeno Giant take leadership in the market. AMD fans waited for red answers for quite a long time - only in October the long-awaited Bulldozer appeared on the market - return to the AMD FX brand market associated with the proceedings for the company's early century processors.

The new AMD architecture has taken on a lot - confrontation with the best solutions of Intel (later legendary) expensive was expected to have a chipmeiker from Sannywil. Already traditional for red bloated marketing, associated with loud statements and incredible promises, moved all the boundaries - "Bulldozer" was called the real revolution, and predicted the architecture a worthless battle against new products from a competitor. What did FX prepare for victory in the market?

A bet on multithreading and uncompromising multi-core - in 2011, AMD FX was proudly called the "most multi-cuisine desktop processor in the market", and this was not an exaggeration - the architecture was based on as much as eight nuclei (albeit or logical), each of which had one stream. At the time of the announcement of the architecture, the new FX against the background of the four competitor centers was an innovative and bold decision, looking far ahead. But alas, AMD always made a bet only on one direction, and in the case of Bulldozer it was not the sphere that was calculated by the mass consumer.

The productivity of new AMD chips was very high, and in the synthetics FX easily showed impressive results - unfortunately it was impossible to say the same game loads: Fashion for 1-2 kernels and the lack of support for normal parallelization of the nuclei led to the fact that the "bulldozer" With a big creak coped with the loads where Sandy Bridge did not even feel difficulties. To add two achilles stages of the series to this whole - dependence on fast memory and rudimentary northern bridge, as well as the presence of only one FPU block for every two cores - and the result comes out very deplorable. AMD FX called the hot and ridiculous alternative to fast and powerful blue processors, which took only relative cheap and compatibility with old motherboard. At first glance, it was a complete failure, however AMD never squeaked to work on errors - and it was the work that Vishera became a kind of reboot of the Bulldozer architecture, which came to the market at the end of 2012.

The updated Bulldozer was called Piledriver, and the architecture itself added in the instructions, increased muscles in single-flow loads, and optimized the work of a large number of nuclei, which increased and multi-threaded performance. However, in those days, the competitor for the updated and extended series of reds was the most dismantling Ivy Bridge, only the incredant number of Intel adolers. The AMD decided to act on the already running strategy to attract budgetary users, total savings on components and opportunities to get more for less money (without encroaching on the segment above).

But the most funny in the history of the appearance of the most unsuccessful (according to the majority) architecture in Arsenal AMD is that AMD FX sales are difficult to call not that failed, but even mediocre - so, according to the Newegg store for 2016, AMD FX became the second in popularity of the processor -6300 (giving way only i7 6700K), and the notorious leader of the budget red segment FX-8350 entered the top five best-selling processors, a little rested from i7 4790K. At the same time, even relatively cheap I5, which was given as an example of marketing success and the "folk" status, were significantly lagging behind the tested oldriver older times.

Finally, it is worth noting a rather funny fact that a few years ago was considered an exclusion of AMD fans - we are talking about the confrontation of the FX-8350 and I5 2500K, which originated during the Bulldozer output. For a long time it was believed that the red processor is significantly lagging behind the 2500K challenged with many enthusiasts, but in the latest 2017 tests in a pair with the most powerful GPU FX-8350, it turns out faster in almost all game tests. It will be appropriate to say "Hurray, waited!".

And inten, meanwhile, continues to win the market.

In 2011, the party of new processors on the architecture of Sandy Bridge is announced, and then a few later, for the new year of LGA 1155 socket. This is the second generation of Intel modern processors, the full update of the ruler, which paved the road commercial success for the company, because There were no analogues for the core and acceleration. Perhaps you remember the i5 2500K - the legendary processor, it accelerated to the frequency of almost 5 GHz, with appropriate tower cooling, and is capable of even today, in 2017, to ensure acceptable performance in the system with one, and possibly two video cards in modern games. At the HWBOT.ORG resource, the processor overcame the frequency of 6014.1 megahertz from the Russian Overclocker SAV. It was 4 nuclear processor with a level of level 3 in 6 MB, the base frequency was only 3.3 GHz, nothing special, but at the expense of solder, the processors of this generation accelerated very much and did not have overheating. It is also absolutely successful in this generation were i7 2600K and 2700K - 4 nuclear processors with hyperterentine, which gave them as many as 8 streams. They accelerated, however, they are a little weaker, but had a higher productivity, and accordingly the heat dissipation. They were taken under systems for quick and efficient video editing, as well as for broadcasts on the Internet. What is interesting, 2600K like I5 2500K also use not only gamers today, but also streamers. It can be said that this generation has become a popular treasure, since everyone wanted exactly the processors from Intel, which affected their price, not to the best for the consumer.

In the 2012 Intel launches 3 generation of processors, called Ivy Bridge, which looks strange, because only a year passed, did they be able to invent something fundamentally new, which would give a tangible performance increase? As if, a new generation of processors, everything is based on the same socket - LGA 1155, and the processors of this generation are not strongly ahead of the previous ones, this is due, of course, with the fact that there were no competition in the top segment. All the same AMD, not to say that it would be tightly breathing in the back of the first, because Intel could afford to produce processors a little more powerful than their own, because in fact became monopolists in the market. But here it crept on another trick, now in the form of a thermal interface under the lid, Intel was not solder, but some kind of their own, as nicknamed - a chewing, made it was for saving, which brought even more income. This topic simply blew up the network, it was no longer possible to accelerate the processors under the string, because they received an average temperature of 10 degrees more than previous ones, because the frequencies came closer to the border of 4-4.2 GHz. Special extremals even opened the processor cover, in order to replace the thermal paste to more efficiently, do it without a crystal crystal or damage to the processor contacts were not possible, but the method turned out to be effective. Nevertheless, I can identify some processors that enjoyed success.

Perhaps you noticed that I did not mention I3, when a story about the second generation, this is due to the fact that processors of such power were not particularly popular. Everyone always wanted i5, who had money taken of course I7.

In the 3rd generation, about which we will talk now, the situation has not changed dramatically.
Successful among this generation, you can select i5 3340 and i5 3570k, they did not differ in performance, everything was resting in the frequency, the cache was all the same - 6 MB, 3340 did not have the possibility of overclocking, because 3570k was desirable, but that one thing is that The second - provided good performance in games. From i7 to 1155, it was the only 3770 with an index to with an 8 MB cache and a frequency of 3.5-3.9 GHz. In the boosy, it was usually accelerated to 4.2 - 4.5 GHz. Interestingly, in the same 2011, the new LGA 2011 socket was released, for which two super-processors I7 4820K (4 kernels, 8 threads, with L3 cache - 10 MB) and I7 4930K (6 cores, 12 streams, L3 cache was released. It is equal to 12 MB) that it was for Monsters - to say difficult, such a percentage cost 1000 bucks and was the dream of many schoolchildren at the time, although for games, of course, he was too powerful, more consistent under professional tasks.

In 2013, Haswell comes out, yes, yes, another year, another generation, according to tradition, a little more powerful than the previous one, because AMD could not again. It is known as the hottest generation. However, the i5 of this generation was pretty successful. It is connected with that, in my opinion, that the guys with "Sendika" were running to change their own, as they thought, outdated processes to the new "revolution" from Intel, where all the "Internet" were burning. Processors have accelerated even worse than the previous generation, which is why many still dislike this generation. The productivity of this generation was slightly higher than the previous one (percent on 15, which is not much, but the monopoly does its job), and the disagreement restriction is a good option for Intel to give less "free" performance to the user.

All I5 th traditions were without hypertension. We worked at a frequency of 3 to 3.9 GHz in the booster, you could take anyone with the index "K", as it guaranteed good performance, even with not very high acceleration. I7 here was at first only one, it is 4770k - 4 cores 8 flows, 3.5 - 3.9 GHz, a workhorse, but heats up without good cooling very much, I will not say that it was popular with scalpers, but people who scalped the lid, It is said that the result is much better, on the water takes about 5 gigahertz, if lucky. It concerned any processor since the Sendika. However, this is not an end, in this generation there was such a Xeon E3-1231v3, which, in fact, was the same I7 4770, only without integrated graphics and acceleration. Interesting what was inserted into an ordinary mother with a socket 1150 and cost much cheaper Ay seventh. A little later, I7 4790K comes out and it has an already improved thermal interface, but it is still not that solder that was before. However, the processor accelerates more than 4770. Even the cases of overclocking of 4.7 GHz in the air, of course on good cooling.

Also there are "Monsters" of this generation (Haswell-E): I7-5960x Extreme Edition, I7-5930K and 5820K, adapted under the desktop market, server solutions. These were the most stuffing on the most bad processors at that time. They are based on the new 2011 V3 socket and stand a bunch of money, but also the performance of them is exceptional, which is not wise, because the senior processor is in the range of as 16 streams and 20 MB cache. Pick the jaw and go on.

In 2015, Skylake comes out, on a socket 1151 and everything would have nothing like almost the same performance, but this generation differs from all the previous ones: first, the reduced dimensions of the heat dissipation cover, for improved heat exchange with the cooling system on the processor, secondly, DDR4 memory support and DirectX 12, Open GL 4.4 software support, OPEN Cl 2.0, which indicates better performance in modern games that will be used by these APUs. It also turned out that even processors without an index k can be accessed, it was done using the memory bus, but this case was quickly covered. Whether this method works through crutches - we are not known.

Processors here were a bit, Intel again improved the business model, why produce 6 processors, if 3-4 are popular from the entire line? So we will produce 4 medium-sized processors and 2 expensive segments. Personally, according to my observations, most often take i5 6500 or 6600K, all the same 4 kernels with 6 MB cache and turbo bush.

In 2016, Intel introduced the fifth generation of processors - Broadwell-E. Core i7-6950x was the first desktop ten-fold processor in the world. The price of such a processor at the time of the start of sales was 1723 dollars. Many seemed very strange such a move from Intel.

On March 2, 2017, new processors of the older line of AMD Ryzen 7 were on sale, which included 3 models: 1800x, 1700x and 1700. As you already know, on February 22 this year, the official presentation of Ryzen was held, on which Liza Su stated that Engineers exceeded the outlook 40%. In fact, Ryzen is 52% ahead of Excavator, and taking into account the fact that over six months has passed since the start of sales of Ryzen, the release of new BIOS updates that increase productivity and fisze small bugs in the Zen architecture can be said that this figure has grown to 60% . Today, the eldest Ryzen is the fastest eight-core processor in the world. And here it was confirmed another assumption. What about the ten-fold Intel. In fact, it was the real and only answer Ryzen. Intel stole a victory in advance from AMD, said that you would not have released there, the fastest processor will remain with us in any case. And then at the presentation of Lisa Su, I could not name Ryzen with an absolute champion, and just the best of eight-core. Such a thin trolling from Intel.

Now AMD and Intel are new flagship processors. AMD is Ryzen Threadripper, Intel - Core i9. The price of eighteen nuclear thirty-six-sixth flagship Intel Core i9-7980xe is about two thousand dollars. The price of sixteen nuclear thirty-two-fold Intel Core i9-7960X is $ 1,700, while at a similar sixteen nuclear thirty-two-flow AMD Ryzen ThreadRipper 1950x price is about a thousand dollars. Do reasonable conclusions yourself, gentlemen.

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