entranceSoftware for processing textual information. Word processing software
A text editor is a simple word processing program. The text editor is handy for creating small messages and texts. Text consists of letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and special characters that you can enter using your computer keyboard. Photos, drawings, pictures, diagrams and tables cannot be processed by the text editor.
MS-DOS Editor is the simplest text editor included in all versions of MS-DOS starting from 5.0. The keyboard is used as an input and control device. MS-DOS Editor is a DOS application and only processes "canonical" format text files. However, the program's interface and editing techniques (including working with the clipboard) are mostly in accordance with the Windows standard. Therefore, you can consider this editor as a toy Windows application, after working with which, it is easy to move on to the powerful MS Word processor. You can specify the name of an existing or newly created text file as a command line argument. To finish working with the editor, you must select the command (File-Exit).
The Word Pad editor that comes with Windows isn't particularly powerful. You will not find any excesses inherent in, for example, Microsoft Word. It also does not have any special formatting capabilities: Word Pad does not even support such a simple function as aligning text to both edges.
But with most of the daily tasks - writing a letter, a student's essay, making a greeting card - Word Pad copes quite successfully.
With the help of Word Pad you can: work with fonts, use a variety of styles and colors of fonts; save texts, both in your own format and in other popular formats (including Microsoft Word); insert pictures of various formats into the text.
The Word Pad has several controls: the Text Menu at the top of the window, then the action button bar, even lower is the formatting bar, and below, just above the typing window, is the Control Ruler.
Notepad - a word processor allows you to create simple files without formatting, in addition, viewing and most of the changes in the system configuration files occur with the help of notepads. Like all programs, Notepad has its drawbacks.
Most often, notepad is used to check, and in some cases write, HTML code for web pages. This is due to the fact that notepad writes only pure character code without formatting to its file, which is very convenient for programmers. And sometimes it is viewing ..dll, .inf, .cfg and .bat files, which are small in size, but important in content.
Microsoft Word is the basis of any office and, perhaps, the most necessary and popular program in everything Microsoft Office... This program is installed on almost every PC and has become the de facto standard in word processing. Using Word as an example, it is very convenient to study the interface of all other Microsoft Office programs.
The scope of Word is very wide. With the help of Word, you can not only type text, but also arrange it to your liking: include tables and graphs, pictures, and even sounds and video images. Word will help you compose a simple letter and a complex volumetric document, a bright greeting card or ad unit... We can say that Word is applicable almost everywhere where you need to work with text. In addition, in recent Word versions added very advanced tools for working with hypertext documents and documents intended for publication on the Internet.
A word processor is a more powerful word processing program. In a word processor, you can write letters, stories, poems, reports, books, etc.
Any text created using a text editor, as well as non-textual materials (graphics, sound fragments) included in it, are called a document. The document can be an article, report, invitation, etc. When working on a network, parts of the same document can be stored on different computers located far from each other.
Hypertext is a way of organizing a document so that you can quickly find the information you need. It is often used in the construction of online help systems and computer versions. large reference books and encyclopedias. The main objects of a text document are: symbol, word, line, paragraph, page, fragment.
Word is an arbitrary sequence of characters (letters, numbers), limited on both sides by service characters (space, comma, brackets).
A paragraph is an arbitrary sequence of characters, ending with a special end-of-paragraph character. Empty paragraphs are allowed.
A fragment is a number of adjacent symbols that can be considered as a whole. A fragment can be a single word, line, paragraph, page, or even all of the text you enter.
Typing (entering) text, as a rule, is carried out using the keyboard. The role of paper is played by the computer screen. The place for entering the next character of the text is indicated on the screen using a blinking rectangle - the cursor.
When typing on a computer, a person does not follow the end of a line: as soon as it is reached, the cursor automatically jumps to the beginning of the next line. In order to go to the entry of a new paragraph, press the key
Editing is the next step in preparing a document on a computer. When editing a text, we review it to make sure everything is correct, correct any errors found and make the necessary corrections.
Program text editors are designed to edit programs in a particular programming language. They are often built into a programming system in some programming language.
Text editors, and are designed for program texts, and perform the following functions:
interactive text viewing;
editing program lines;
copying and transferring blocks of text from one place to another;
copying one program or part of it to a specified location in another program;
contextual search and replacement of text substrings;
automatic search for a string containing an error;
printout of the program or its necessary part;
Document editors are programs for processing documents, focused on working with texts that have a document structure, i.e., consisting of sections, pages, paragraphs, sentences, words. Consequently, editors for document processing provide functions focused on the structure of the document, namely:
the ability to use different character fonts;
setting arbitrary line spacing;
automatic word wrapping to the next line;
automatic page numbering;
processing and numbering of lines;
printing page headers and footers (headers and footers);
alignment of the edges of the paragraph;
typing in multiple columns;
creating tables and building diagrams;
spell checking and selection of characters;
There are a large number of text editors, from simple to complex. Among the most common editors in the world, Microsoft Word, Word Perfect, WordStar stand out. LEXICON was distributed among simple text editors in Russia at a certain period of time.
Saving documents
In the process of saving documents, it is necessary, first of all, in the hierarchical file system of the computer to select the disk and the folder in which the document file is to be saved.
Text editors allow you to save documents in external memory and read them from external memory to RAM.
In addition, you must select a file format that determines how text is stored in the file.
Universal formats:
TXT format ( text only, extension in txt file name) is the most versatile text format.
Files saved in this format can be read by applications running on various operating systems. The advantage of this format is the small information volume of the files, but the disadvantage is that the results of text formatting are not saved.
RTF format ( extended text format, extension in file name rtf) is also a universal text file format in which formatting results are saved. The disadvantage of this format is the large information volume of the files.
DOC format ( Word document, extension in doc filename) is the original text format Microsoft editor Word. Formatting results are fully preserved in this format. This format is actually universal, as it is understood by almost all text editors.
The Web page format (extension in the file name htm or html) is used to store Web pages in computer networks, since files in this format have a small information volume, and at the same time the formatting results are saved.
Modern text editors are "able" to automatically paginate and number pages. They "monitor" the size of the margins and adjust the spacing between lines, offer a choice of font options.
Document formatting
Formatting is used to make the content of the document more understandable and expressive. Symbols 4 are the main objects that make up a text document, therefore, first of all, it is necessary to correctly set the basic parameters that determine their appearance: font, size, style, color.
A font is a complete set of letters of the alphabet with a common style. The picture style is called a typeface.
Each font has its own name, for example Times New Roman, Arial, etc.
Font style is an additional means of emphasizing a font on a print, for example, underline, italic, bold.
Bitmap and vector fonts are distinguished by the way they are presented in a computer. In addition to the usual style of characters, bold can be used , italic and bold italic styles.
Font size - the unit of measurement for the font size is a point (1pt = 0, 367) mm. Font sizes can be changed over a wide range (usually from 1 to 1638 points), with most editors using the default 10 pt font.
The color of the symbols. If you plan to print a document in many colors, you can set different colors for different groups of characters, selected from the palette offered by the text editor.
Formatting a paragraph
The paragraph highlights its part in the text, which represents a complete fragment of the document, the end of which serves as a natural pause for the transition to a new thought. In computer text documents, a paragraph ends with an end-of-paragraph character. The end of a paragraph is entered by pressing the Enter key.
A paragraph can consist of any set of symbols, pictures, and objects from other applications. Formatting paragraphs allows you to prepare a properly and beautifully designed document.
Alignment of paragraphs. Alignment reflects the position of the text relative to the page margins. There are four most commonly used paragraph alignment methods: Left, Center, Left, and Width.
First line indent (red line). Most often, a paragraph begins with a first line indent. The indentation can be of various types: positive, negative and zero.
Positive indentation - the first line of a paragraph begins to the right of all other lines of the paragraph, used in normal text.
Negative indentation - the first line comes out to the left of the rest of the lines, used in dictionaries and definitions.
Zero - Applies to centered paragraphs and regular text.
Indents and spacing.
The entire paragraph can be indented left and on right, which are measured from the borders of the page margins. The line spacing can be changed by setting different line spacing values.
Numbered and bulleted lists
Lists are a convenient option for formatting paragraphs according to a single template and are used to place various lists in a document.
Automatic creation of bulleted and numbered lists can be performed using the List ... command on the Format menu, by selecting the required tab (Bulleted, Numbered, Multilevel) in the List dialog box that opens, as well as the required type of bullet or type of list numbering. The same can be done directly with the corresponding buttons (Numbered list, Bulleted list).
Numbered lists - list items are sequentially designated using numbers (Arabic or Roman) and letters of the Latin or Russian alphabets.
Bulleted lists - list items are indicated using bullets (special characters).
Multilevel lists - can be used to display hierarchical lists. In multilevel lists, lower-level lists (nested lists) are inserted into higher-level list items
Formatting styles
For each paragraph, you can set your own formatting options for the paragraph, characters, lists. With this approach, changing the formatting parameters for each paragraph must be done separately and manually.
However, when creating multi-page documents, it is more convenient to use formatting styles. Each formatting style is assigned a name and all necessary formatting options for the font, paragraph, or list are set. If you set the options for a formatting style, and then apply it to a selection in the document, then all paragraphs of the selection will automatically receive the formatting options specified by that style. If you need to change the paragraph formatting options, all you need to do is change the style's formatting options.
In the process of creating a document, headers are created in it. Different formatting styles are used for headings to differ in appearance from each other, as well as from the body text.
After creating a large document, it is advisable to insert a table of contents into the document, which will allow you to better navigate the content of the document. A table of contents is a list of headings contained in a document, with an indication of the pages.
Tables are used when creating text documents containing a large number of the same type of names, numerical data or images with a text signature.
Rows, columns, cells.
Tables are made up of rows and columns, at the intersection of which cells are formed. Table cells can contain data of various types.
The easiest way is to draw a table.
1- Enter the menu table and select item Draw table... After that, the cursor takes the form of a pencil, with which the table is drawn in the text.
You can create a table in Word text in another way: go to the menu table and select item Create table, specify the exact number of the required number of columns and rows, and then click OK.
2- The borders of the table expand automatically as the cells are filled with text. But the size of any element of the table can always be changed manually by hooking it with the mouse and stretching its borders.
3- Using the item, Sorting menu table, you can arrange the rows of the table in the desired order.
4- Calling the Context menu of the table, allows you to delete and add columns and rows. Using item AutoFormat menu table you can give your table a more sophisticated look by using the Word Table Forms Library.
Of course, Word cannot be called an editor ideally suited for working with tables. To work with tables with advanced features, another Microsoft Office component is recommended - the Excel spreadsheet editor. Moreover, Word and Excel can work closely together. You can insert Word text into an Excel table, and vice versa, a table made in Excel can be easily inserted into Word text.
Inserting an Excel document into the text is carried out through the button Insert Excel Table on the Operations Panel of Microsoft Word.
Text information can arise from various sources and have varying degrees of complexity in terms of presentation. Depending on the form of presentation, various types of text messages are used to process text messages. information Technology... Most often, text editors or processors are used as a tool for processing textual electronic information. They represent a software product that provides the user with special tools for creating, processing and storing text information... Text editors and processors are used to compose, edit, and process various types of information. The difference between text editors and processors is the fact that editors, as a rule, are designed to work only with a certain type of information (texts, formulas, etc.), and processors allow the use of other types of information.
Editors designed for the preparation of texts can be conditionally divided into ordinary (preparation of letters and other simple documents) and complex (preparation of documents with different fonts, including graphics, pictures, etc.). Editors used for automated work with text can be divided into several types: elementary, integrated, hypertext editors, text recognizers, scientific text editors, publishing systems.
In the simplest formatting editors (for example, "Notepad"), additional codes are not used for the internal representation of text, while texts are usually formed based on the characters of the ASCII code table. Word processors represent the system of preparation of texts (Word Processor). The most popular among them is the MS Word program.
Text processing technology information using such programs usually includes the following steps:
Creation of a file for storing text information;
Entering and (or) copying textual information into a computer;
Preservation of the text presented in electronic form;
Opening a file that stores text information;
Editing of electronic text information;
Formatting of text stored electronically;
Create text files based on embedded in text
Style editor;
Automatic formation of a table of contents for the text and an alphabetical reference;
Automatic spelling and grammar checker;
Embedding various elements and objects into the text;
Consolidation of documents;
Print text.
The main editing operations include: addition; deletion; moving; copying a piece of text, as well as search and contextual replacement. If the text you are creating is a multi-page document, then you can apply page or section formatting. In this case, the text will appear such structural elements like: bookmarks, footnotes, cross-references and headers and footers.
Most word processors support the concept of a compound document- a container containing various objects. It allows you to insert figures, tables, graphic images prepared in other software environments into the text of the document. Used in this case communication technology and implementation objects is called OLE (Object Linking and Embedding - communication and implementation of objects).
To automate the execution of frequently repeated actions in word processors use macros. The simplest macro is a recorded sequence of keystrokes, movements, and mouse clicks... It can be played back like a tape recording. It can be processed and modified by adding standard macros.
The transfer of texts from one text editor to another is carried out by a converter program. It creates an output file in the appropriate format. Typically, word processing programs have built-in converters for popular file formats.
A variety of word processors are desktop publishing systems. They can prepare materials according to the rules of printing. Desktop publishing software(for example, Publishing, PageMaker) are the tools of the layout designer, designer, technical editor. With their help, you can easily change the formats and pagination, the size of the indents, combine with different fonts, etc. To a greater extent, they are intended for the publication of printed products.
Processing tabular data
In the process of work, users often have to deal with tabular data in the process of creating and maintaining accounting books, bank accounts, estimates, statements, when drawing up plans and allocating the resources of an organization, when performing scientific research. The desire to automate this type of work has led to the emergence of specialized software for processing information presented in tabular form. Such software is called tabular processors or spreadsheets. Such programs allow not only creating tables, but also automating the processing of tabular data.
Spreadsheets have proven to be effective in solving such problems as: sorting and processing statistical data, optimization, forecasting, etc. With their help, problems of calculations, decision support, modeling and presentation of results are solved in almost all areas of activity. When working with tabular data, the user performs a number of typical procedures, for example, such as:
Creation and editing of tables;
Creation (saving) of a table file;
Entering and editing data in table cells;
Embedding various elements and objects into the table;
Using sheets, formatting and linking tables;
Processing tabular data using formulas and special functions;
Construction of diagrams and graphs;
Processing of data presented in the form of a list;
Analytical data processing;
Printing tables and diagrams to them.
Table structure includes numbered and thematic headings, a header, a sidebar (the first column of the table containing the headings of the rows) and a prograph (the actual data of the table).
The most popular among spreadsheet processors is the MS Excel program. It presents users with a set of worksheets (pages), in each of which one or more tables can be created.
The worksheet contains a set of cells that form a rectangular array. Their coordinates are determined by specifying an indication of the position vertically (in columns) and horizontally (in rows). A sheet can contain up to 256 columns and up to 65536 rows. Columns are designated by letters of the Latin alphabet: A, B, C… Z, AA, AB, AC… AZ, BA, BB…, and rows - by numbers. So, for example, “D14” denotes a cell at the intersection of column “D” with row 14, and “CD99” denotes a cell at the intersection of column “CD” with row 99. Column names always appear on the top row of the worksheet, and row numbers on the left border of the worksheet.
The following operations are defined for spreadsheet objects: editing, merging into one group, deleting, cleaning, pasting, copying. The operation of moving a fragment is reduced to the sequential execution of delete and insert operations.
For the convenience of computation, the table processors have built-in mathematical, statistical, financial, logical and other functions. From the numerical values entered in the tables, you can build various two-dimensional, three-dimensional and mixed diagrams (more than 20 types and subtypes).
Table processors can act as databases... In this case, data are entered into tables in the same way as into a database, that is, through a screen form. The data in them can be protected, sorted by key or by several keys. In addition, processing of queries to the database and processing of external databases, creation of pivot tables, etc. are carried out. They can also use the built-in macro programming language.
An important property of tables is the ability to use formulas and functions in them. A formula can contain references to table cells located, among other things, on another worksheet or in a table located in another file. Excel offers over 200 pre-programmed formulas called functions. For the convenience of navigating in them, the functions are divided into categories. With the help of the "Wizard of functions" you can create them at any stage of work.
The spreadsheet editor Excel, the text editor Word and others, the programs included in the application suite (PPP) Office supports the OLE data exchange standard, and the use of "lists" allows you to effectively work with large homogeneous data sets. A similar OLE mechanism is used in other RFPs.
Various economic and statistical data can be efficiently processed in MS Excel.
Storing, processing and transmitting texts is an area in which computers are used very widely and for a long time.
Computer typing and editing have become the primary means of preparing texts for writers, journalists and students. Working with text using a computer is much more convenient than writing by hand or typing on a typewriter - if only because it is much easier to make any changes to the finished text.
Electronic copying of texts - both on computer media and transmission over computer networks - has become a powerful engine of freedom of speech throughout the world. Any opinion, any message, presentation of any idea has now become possible to disseminate quite quickly and widely, and this does not require an expensive and cumbersome typography.
Text Document Is an information block containing text as basic information. But a text document does not always contain only text. It may contain additional information such as tables of contents, links, headings, different types of fonts, as well as graphics, tables, etc.
The main text input tool is the keyboard. There are text recognition systems that allow you to translate text printed on paper into electronic form, as well as voice input systems, which should ensure understanding of any dictation (however, at the moment, this is a very difficult technical task).
Entering text into a computer and changing it is called editing, and programs that allow you to enter and change text are called text editors. Any test editor allows you to: enter text from the computer keyboard; change already entered text (for example, correct typos, enter new words or phrases, delete existing ones, etc.); save text in a file, as well as read previously saved text.
Programs that allow you to work not only with text, but also with additional information are called word processors. They allow you to see the document as it will be printed. This display of the document is calledWYSIWYG(from the English " What You See Is What You Get"-" you get what you see ").
As a rule, word processors are included in the so-called office suites (packages) of software. Having learned the principles of working with any one word processor, we can work with any other.
There are several well-known suites of office programs. Most common Microsoft Office ... It includes the most famous programs - word processor Microsoft Word (Figure 40), a table processor - Microsoft Excel and others. Office suite created by the company Microsoft ... It is the largest American company producing software, it owns, in particular, the operating system Windows.
Figure 40 - Interface with Microsoft Word 2007
However, several problems arise here: the main ones are the price and dependence on a foreign manufacturer. Legal use Microsoft Office is very expensive. Cheap CDs are illegal and illegal to distribute. The package lacks these shortcomings. OpenOffice. org ... It is free, which means that it can be legally copied and even sold, as well as studied and refined. So, the Russian version was prepared by the Russian team. There are versions OpenOffice. org for all modern operating systems, not just for Windows ... It can be used under control Linux or another free operating system and on computers iMac. Into the OpenOffice package. org word processor included OpenOffice. org Writer.
Let's consider and compare the main features of word processorsMicrosoft Word 2007 and Openoffice. org Writer 3.0 .
Word processors allow you to insert pictures, formulas, sound and video files, spreadsheet files, presentations, and other objects. This feature is based on the technology of "embedding and linking objects" ( OLE- Object Linking and Embedding), which allows you to create complex documents from different types of data, ensure the joint work of several applications in the preparation of one document, copy and transfer objects between applications.
A word processor is a multifunctional word processing program (with elements of desktop publishing capabilities).
Let's briefly describe interface window processor OpenOffice. org Writer . The pictographic menu is a line of icons that duplicate frequently used operations, which are also available in the main menu. Coordinate rulers are located above the window and to the left of the document. Using the coordinate ruler, which is located above the window, you can change the paragraph indents, the length of the set line and the width of the columns. The status bar is at the bottom edge of the window OpenOffice. org Writer ... In the process of data entry, it displays information about the position of the input cursor, etc. On the monitor screen, text can be displayed in different scales and in different forms, the "View" menu is responsible for this. In general, the interface window OpenOffice. org Writer can be compared to a window Word 2003.
The main replacement for menus and toolbars in Word 2007 serves as "tape". It is designed to make commands easier to access and consists of tabs associated with specific goals or objects. Each tab, in turn, consists of several groups of interconnected controls. Compared to menus and toolbars, the Ribbon can hold significantly more content — buttons, collections, dialog box items, and so on.
In addition to the standard set of tabs that are displayed on the "Ribbon", there are two more types of tabs that are displayed in the interface depending on the task being performed. Contextual tools let you work with an element that is highlighted on the page, such as a table, image, or graphic. When you click on such an item, the associated set of contextual tabs, highlighted in color, will appear next to the standard tabs. Tabs applications replace the standard set of tabs when switching to specific views or content presentation modes, such as Preview.
Along with tabs, groups and commands, in Word 2007 applies menus and toolbars familiar to users from previous versions Word. For example, the button “ Microsoft Office "Located in the upper left corner of the application Word serves to call the menu for working with files (commands "New", "Open", "Save", etc.) and a menu that allows you to set various parameters of the word processor ... Quick Access Toolbar by default located in the upper left part of the application window Word and is designed for quick access to the most frequently used functions. You can customize the Quick Access Toolbar by adding new commands to it. Dialog box buttons Are small icons that may appear in some groups. By clicking such a button, a corresponding dialog box or task pane opens, containing additional parameters related to this group.
Editing text in a word processor is to delete, add, copy and move fragments of text, as well as check spelling using keyboard keys or the icon menu. There are two types of copying and moving sections of text: manual technique and using the clipboard. Clipboard Is a piece of RAM that temporarily holds cut or copied text or graphics. Copy or move sections of text inWordare performed using the menu commands: "Home / Cut" or "Home / Copy" and the command "Home / Paste". Copy or move sections of text inOpenoffice. org Writerare performed using the menu commands: "Edit / Cut" or "Edit / Copy" and the command "Edit / Paste".
Text formatting contains a choice following parameters: font, paragraph, fill, lists, frames, style, etc. The font parameters, in turn, include: typeface (picture), type, size (point size). Each typeface has its own name, for example, Arial, Times New Roman, Tahoma. Fonts can be straight and slanted. Italic fonts are often referred to as italics. Vertical font size is measured in “points,” one point equal to 1/72 of an inch — approximately 0.353 mm. The 10 point font - called the tenth point - is often used in books. A typewriter typed the text in fourteenth point, and this font size is often used today in the preparation of various documents.
Text formatting v Openoffice. org Writeris performed using the "Format / Symbols / Font" menu, and inWordusing the "Home / Font" menu.
The text can be located in several columns... Format / Columns menu inOpenoffice. org Writercalls a dialog box in which you can select the number of columns, width and spacing for each, set them the same in width, or set the width of each. The "Apply" button will allow you to style not the entire text, but only the selected part. Page Layout / Columns menu onWordallows you to do the same.
The word processor allows split a document into two sections or more, if you need to set different page formatting options (margins, paper size, page orientation - portrait or landscape) for different sections... For this inOpenoffice. org Writerthe command "Insert / Section" is used before and after the formatted section, and inWord command Insert / Break Page. By default, formatting is applied to the entire document.
ParagraphIs a piece of text between two pressings of the Enter key. The paragraph has several customization options. Its formatting makes it possible to set the paragraph indentation - otherwise it is also called the "red line", indents to the right and left, spacing before and after a paragraph, and line spacing. When formatting a paragraph, it is not necessary to select it in advance, it is enough that the cursor is at any point in the paragraph. Formatting a paragraph vOpenoffice. org Writeris performed using the "Format / Paragraph" menu, and inWordusing the menu "Home / Paragraph".
Styledesign is a named set of design parameters settings (font, paragraph). If you need to design a paragraph, most often use a ready-made style or the "Format / Styles" menu inOpenoffice. org Writeror by the menu command "Home / Styles" inWord.
The word processor is equipped with formula editor MS Equation, which allows you to create formula expressions and insert them into the text when you select the menu item "Insert / Formula". VOpenoffice. org Writerthis allows you to do the command "Insert / Object / Formula".
To work with tables the "Table" menu is used inOpenoffice. org Writerand the Insert / Table menu in Word. When working with a table, you can change its parameters (height and width of cells), add and remove columns, rows and cells, as well as edit the contents of each cell in the table, which may contain text, number, formula or picture.
Openoffice. org Writerallows you to create own drawings using the "Draw" toolbar ("Insert / Toolbars / Draw"), Word using the "Insert / Shapes / New Canvas" command.
In addition to your own drawings, word processors allow you to embed ready-made images into documents using the "Insert / File" command inOpenoffice. org Writer and the "Insert / Picture" menu item in Word.
In a voluminous document using a word processor, it is convenient to create table of contents. This tool allows you to quickly move through the text by selecting one of the items on the first page of the document. To do this, select the "Insert / Table of Contents and Index" menu inOpenoffice. org Writer... Use the Format / Styles / Styles and Formatting menu to create a heading style for the table of contents. To update the table of contents in context menu the command "Update field / Update entirely" is applied. Word uses the "References / Table of Contents" commands.
For preservation of a document created in a word processor, press the button with the image of a floppy disk on the icon menu bar or use the File / Save menu. The "File / Save As" command allows you to save a file under a new name in Word, and the " Office/Save" or "Office/Save" and "Office/Save as" vOpenoffice. org Writer.
Authors and Developers word processing software do not stand still, periodically creating new improved versions of their products. In particular, the version is already available to users. Microsoft Office Word 2010, which has an interface in the form of a "ribbon", but added commands for processing images and improving text effects (for example, glow, reflection, shadows).
There are other text editors as well, for example: StarWriter, Bred, Crypt Edit, KeyNote, Squall Pro, TextViewer, WinVi ... They, as a rule, take up less disk space and are often distributed free of charge, but they have a smaller set of functions (for example, for editing images), but their capabilities are quite sufficient for typing and editing small text data.
Despite the wide possibilities of using computers to process a wide variety of information, programs designed to work with text are still the most popular. When preparing text documents on a computer, three main groups of operations are used:
- input operations allow transferring the source text from its external form into electronic form, that is, into a file stored on a computer. Input can be carried out not only by typing using the keyboard, but also by scanning a paper original and then translating the document from a graphic format into a text format (recognition);
- editing (editing) operations allow you to change an already existing electronic document by adding or deleting its fragments, rearranging parts of the document, merging several files, splitting a single document into several smaller ones, etc. Typing and editing when working on text is often done in parallel. When entering and editing, the content of a text document is formed;
- the design of the document is set by formatting operations. Formatting commands allow you to determine exactly how text will look on the monitor screen or on paper after being printed to a printer.
Programs designed to process textual information are called text editors.
A word processor is a word processing program that is used to create new documents (letters, reports, newsletters) or modify existing ones. Modern word processors (including the Word editor) are sometimes called word processors because they contain a very large number of word processing functions.
The whole variety of modern text editors can be conditionally divided into three main groups:
1. The first includes the simplest text editors with a minimum of capabilities and capable of working with documents in the plain text format.txt, which, as you know, with all its simplicity and universal support, does not allow more or less decent formatting of text. This group of editors includes the WordPad editors and the very little-functional NotePad, as well as many similar products from other manufacturers (Atlantis, EditPad, Aditor Pro, Gedit, etc.).
2. The intermediate class of text editors includes quite wide possibilities in terms of document execution. They work with all standard text files (TXT, RTF, DOC). These programs include Microsoft Works, Lexicon.
3. The third group includes powerful word processors such as Microsoft Word or StarOffice Writer. They perform almost all operations with text. Most users use these editors in their daily work.
The main functions of text editors and processors are:
- input and editing of text symbols;
- the ability to use different character fonts;
- copying and transferring part of the text from one place to another or from one document to another;
- contextual search and replacement of parts of the text;
- setting arbitrary parameters for paragraphs and fonts;
- automatic word wrapping to a new line;
- automatic page numbering;
- processing and numbering of footnotes;
- creating tables and building diagrams;
- spelling check of words and selection of synonyms;
- construction of tables of contents and subject indexes;
- printout of prepared text on a printer, etc.
Also, almost all word processors have the following features:
- support for various document formats;
- multiple windows, i.e. the ability to work with several documents at the same time;
- insertion and editing of formulas;
- automatic saving of the edited document;
- work with multi-column text;
- the ability to work with different styles of formatting;
- creation of document templates;
- analysis of statistical information.
Today, almost all powerful text editors are part of the integrated software packages designed for the needs of the modern office. For example, Microsoft Word is included in the most popular office suite Microsoft Office.
Similar MS Office programs are OpenOffice.org Writer, StarOffice Writer, Corel WordPerfect, Apple Pages.
It is convenient to prepare a wide variety of documents in the powerful word processor Microsoft Word for Windows. The entered text is displayed on the screen exactly as it will be printed. Powerful text editing tools bring it closer to desktop publishing while maintaining ease of use.
A variety of editing tools are available to the user: changing the type and style of the font, aligning paragraphs, setting line spacing, frame selection, multi-column text, paragraph selection, hanging indents, auto numbering and much, much more. You can insert tables into the text, the cells of which can contain both text and numbers. The built-in charting tool allows you to easily select any of the many available chart types. Moreover, you can insert formulas into cells that automatically recalculate the result when changing parameters.
The text can be accompanied by graphics, which can be inserted from existing files in various formats or created using the built-in graphics editor. If the document is large, you can automatically create a table of contents or an alphabetical index for ease of work with it.
Much attention in Word for Windows is paid to working with letters. For any letter, you can automatically create an envelope, the address for which will be selected from a database of virtually any format. If you need to send one letter to several addresses, you just need to specify the corresponding addresses in the database, and they will be automatically printed on envelopes.
Word for Windows lets you write error-free. It has a built-in error correction program. Supports dynamic spell checker mode. Every word you write will be checked immediately, and if it contains a mistake, you will immediately notice it by the special markings that mark the word that is misspelled. In order to correct a misspelled word, it will be enough to right-click on it, and you will be presented with a list of possible replacements.
Microsoft Word has a new spell checker. Users will also appreciate the ability to automatically format text.
Microsoft Word allows you to enter, edit, format and format text and correctly place it on the page. With this program, you can insert graphics, tables and diagrams into your document, as well as automatically correct spelling and grammatical errors. The Word text editor has many other features that make it much easier to create and edit documents. The most commonly used functions:
when entering text, you run into the end of the line, Word automatically moves to the next line;
If a typo is made while entering text, the auto-correction function automatically corrects it. And the function automatic check Spelling underlines misspelled words with a red squiggle line to make them easier to see and correct.
if you use hyphens to highlight items in a list, use fractions, trademarks or other special characters, the auto-formatting function will correct them itself;
to represent text in the form of a table, you can, of course, use the tabulator, but Microsoft Word offers much more effective means... And if the table contains numerical data, then it is easy to turn it into a chart;
preview mode allows you to see the document as it will come out of print. In addition, it allows you to display all pages at once, which is convenient for making changes before printing.
The program also offers a number of features that save time and effort. Among them:
autotext - for storing and inserting frequently used words, phrases or graphics;
styles - for storing and setting whole sets of formats at once;
merge - to create serial letters, print envelopes and labels;
macros - to execute a sequence of frequently used commands;
"Masters" - to create professionally designed documents.
Graph, Equation, WordArt - thanks to this group of programs it is possible to insert various diagrams (Graph), mathematical formulas (Equation - formula editor) and text effects (WordArt) into the document. These programs are installed in the MSAPPS subdirectory in the WINDOWS directory, i.e. to the drive where Windows is installed. This is especially important if you are installing the bulk of Word on a different drive. There must be enough free space on both drives.
Proofing Tools - These programs are designed to check spelling, fix typos and find synonyms.
Envelopes, Filters and ODBC (Converters, Filters and Data Access) - for documents created in other text editors, the file formats are different from the format used by the Word editor. In order for Word to work with such files, you need special format conversion programs, or converters.
Wizards, Templates and Letters - Wizards and templates save time when preparing standard documents. By using Word templates it is possible to quickly create letters, faxes, lettering on envelopes, etc.
Tools - this group includes the installation program, which allows you to change the configuration of MS Word, the Dialog Editor program, the MS Info program, which is designed to obtain information about the current Windows system configuration, and the Dialog editor program, which is used to create macros (macros).
Graphics (Clip Art) - the graphics library contains more than 50 drawings that can be used to decorate documents.
The Word text editor for Windows is a powerful tool for professional preparation of documents using the effective use of all the variety of its functions. Word editor allows you to create a huge number of special effects.
Formatting refers to changing the appearance of text without changing its content. For example, any word can be represented in different fonts.
Word distinguishes between formatting individual characters and formatting entire paragraphs. If character formatting boils down to choosing a font, character size and style, then paragraph formatting consists in setting indents between adjacent paragraphs, as well as from the edges of a sheet of paper, creating a red line and choosing text alignment: center, left, right, left and right together (widthwise), etc. To do this, there are corresponding buttons in the toolbar.
Word provides two fundamentally different ways of formatting text — direct (or direct) formatting and style-based formatting. With direct formatting, the selected fragment is assigned the necessary design parameters one by one. The advantage of style formatting is that a whole set of formatting parameters (formatting style) is assigned to the selected object (usually a paragraph), which is formed in advance and has a unique name. A formatting style can contain font, paragraph, tab, border and fill, frame, numbering, and an indication of the language used for hyphenation and spelling. Formatting styles can be assigned to selected paragraphs or to the paragraph within which the cursor is located.
To make the text readable, usually no more than three fonts are used, and for text highlights, signatures, headings, the typeface or font size is changed. The design of the document must correspond to its content. Text is perceived better if there is a little free space on the page, margins at the edges of the page, free space between columns of text and in front of headings. The readability of the text is also greatly influenced by right choice typeface, font style and size, spacing between lines of text, spacing, paragraph indents etc.
Among special-purpose word processors, it should be noted such as Unv Editor (up to version 4.0, this processor was called ChiWriter) and Rt-chk, suitable for preparing scientific texts containing mathematical, physical or chemical formulas that allow the use of up to 20 different fonts simultaneously (for one document). In addition, they allow you to prepare documents using superscripts and subscripts, Gothic, Greek, Latin and Russian letters and special characters, such as, for example, or Rt-chk has a built-in encoder that works with 4 code tables (Basic, Alternative , KOI-8 and Bulgarian). To increase the efficiency and capabilities of the word processor, specialized programs for correcting documents allow.
Specialized programs for processing textual information are software tools that have a narrow specialization. Among such programs, we should note programs for checking spelling and selection of synonyms, forming texts, transcoders, programs for group writing of texts, and dictionary programs. Many word processors contain some of these programs as functions. However, as a rule, the capabilities of built-in programs are limited compared to specialized ones. As an example, consider the possibility of spelling control of the text (sometimes such programs are called spellers - from the English word speller).
The Lexicon word processor implements the spelling control function. However, the dictionary of the latest non-commercial version 6.67 contains about 15 thousand words.
Programs for the formation of texts help to compose (set) the general view of the document. In addition, many of them can compress or expand all or part of the text, as well, which makes the document more readable; if necessary, carry out dynamic copying of headers (when compressing or expanding one of them, all the others change accordingly). Some text-forming programs contain sample text forms; glossary; speller; support sorting headings and collecting notes under one heading. Programs can be loaded into a computer resident, stand-alone, or in conjunction with a word processor, database, or spreadsheets. Among the most common: Grand Viwe (Symantek), Max-89, PC-Outline (Broun Bag Software).
The problem of compatibility of word processors in some cases can be solved with the help of so-called text transcoders or file conversion programs. Among the most common is the CONV transcoder, which allows to achieve compatibility of texts written in systems using three different types of code tables (Basic, Alternative and Bulgarian).
Another transcoder with the same name works with the ALT and the old KOI-8. Thus, it provides the compatibility of the word processors of computers IBM PC and Yamaha, the latter of which is used in some higher educational institutions and schools (more about transcoders in the following lessons). In addition, there are
programs that provide conversion of files prepared on one and the same volume
the same type of technique, but using different word processors. For example, Software Bridge (V.3.11) provides file format conversion between 19 word processors (including Word Perfect, Microsoft Word). This program allows you to change footnotes, fonts. A Word program Transformer (V.4.01) converts files to ASCII format, supports 18 most common word processors (including Microsoft Word, Xy Write, Word Perfect).
Group writing programs can be of great help in preparing a document on which several authors are working at the same time. They allow you to make amendments and comments to the document without destroying the original.
Some of this group of programs allow you to compare two texts and highlight in them, for example, with color, different parts. Others use different fonts for changes to the text. One of the most popular group writing programs is ForComment, developed by Braderbund. Up to 15 co-authors can work with the document. Changes are marked with the name of the collaborator and dated. However, only an editor can amend the original.
The program allows you to store up to 26 versions of the document and up to 15 comments or comments for each line.
Vocabulary programs are focused on the use of specialists in various fields of knowledge and contain definitions of words and phrases. Many of them may: contain cross-references; find synonyms; give multiple definitions for words that have more than one meaning; check the spelling of words. An example is the Stedmans Medical Dictionary, which is a 68,000-term medical dictionary. The Chace Wards program allows you to define 80 thousand words (including those from the "Concise Dictionary of Electronics by Webster") and 40 thousand synonyms. All these programs allow you to most professionally edit various documents.
However, for the preparation of such printed materials as books, magazines, advertising brochures, publishing systems are more suitable. Most often they allow you to work in WYSIWYG mode (What You See Is What You Get - what you see is what you get). Having less poor performance when typing in comparison with many word processors, they have unique opportunities for their layout. Among the most common are the following options: load a text or graphic file; to carry out an elementary correction of the text; select sections of text in a different font; carry out multi-column dialing; use graphic primitives (line, rectangle, circle, circle, filled rectangle, etc.); overlay objects on top of each other; create a style file or a new font; set printing parameters for each paragraph and much more. In addition, publishing systems are focused on using laser printers or phototypesetting machines. By all accounts, the most common are three layout programs - Quark XPress, Adobe InDesign, and Adobe PageMaker.
Layout publication in one of the listed packages, you are dealing with several types of objects. These are frames - containers for text and graphics imported from outside, and graphic objects created in the layout program itself.
In addition, you can use another element in PageMaker - "simple" text boxes. You can resize and position text and picture frames in PageMaker, but you cannot nest one frame within another, and in QuarkXPress, you can only insert graphic frames into text frames. In this regard, InDesign is incomparably more convenient: it allows you to create very complex layouts using many frames nested within one another. The indisputable advantage of InDesign is the multiple undo and redo actions during layout, in contrast to single undo (and even then not always possible) in XPress and PageMaker.
One of the fundamental features of layout programs is the use of template elements for "end-to-end" design of publications. The master pages are used for this, on which repeating template objects are located.
The most stable (especially when working with large publications) and productive package is Quark XPress, and this is one of the reasons for its long-term leadership in the publishing software market. It is also the most undemanding to computer resources: you can work with XPress 4.1 using an old "four" (not Pentium 4, of course, but i486) with 12 MB of memory. PageMaker is a solid middling game in this regard, but InDesign is surprisingly slow and computationally intensive.
Assignment 2
The implementation of this task involves the solution of examples for converting numbers from one number system to another with the presentation of complete mathematical calculations (the accuracy of the representation of numbers is up to the fifth decimal place) and the representation of numbers in floating and fixed point form.
In the first example, you need to convert numbers from decimal to binary, octal and hexadecimal.
In the second example, you need to translate numbers from binary system numbers to decimal, octal and hexadecimal.
In the third example, floating-point numbers must be represented in fixed-point form.
Job options are determined from the table:
|
394,683 325,412 |
10011001,10111 10100011,10011 |
8.642E + 02 4.434E-01 |
6.289E + 03 8.584E-04 |
394.683 = 18A.AED91 (16) = 612.53554 (8) = 110001010.10101 (2)
394 |16
384
24 |16
10 16
1
8
0.683*16 =10.928
0.928*16 =14.848
0.848*16 =13.568
0.568*16=9.088
0.088*16 =1.408
394 |8
392
49 |8
2 48
6
1
0.683*8 = 5.464
0.464*8 =3.712
0.712*8=5.696
0.696*8 =5.568
0.568*8 =4.544
394 |2
394
197 |2
0 196
98 |2
1 98
49 |2
0 48
24 |2
1 24
12 |2
0 12
6 |2
0 6
3 |2
0 2
1
1
0.683*2 =1.366
0.366*2 =0.732
0.732*2=1.464
0.464*2=0.928
0.928*2 = 1.856
10011001,10111 (2) = 153.71875 (10) = 231.56 (8) = 99.B8 (16)
10100011,10011 (2) = 163.59375 (10) = 243.46 (8) = A3.98 (16)
8.642E + 02 = 864.2
4.434E-01 = 0.4434
6.289E + 03 = -6289
8.584E-04 = -0.0008584
Assignment 3
The purpose of this assignment is to test the student's ability to work with the file system. The assignment consists of two parts. In the first part, you need to write a template that combines the specified files into a group. In the second part of the task, it is required to record the routes (access paths) to the specified files, if the hierarchical tree of disk folders looks like this:
Make a note of the route to the following files:
Setup.exe from the Setup folder
Photo.tif from the Work folder
D: \ Setup \ Setup.exe
D: \ Mguk \ Work \ Photo.tif
All files *.*
All files without extension
*.
Assignment 4
To complete the assignment on this issue, it is necessary to develop a promotional sheet on a given topic in a Microsoft Word word processor. The document must contain:
text;
curly text;
drawing;
table;
Topics for the development of documents are presented in the table:
Apartments from 10,000 rubles and this is true !!! *
The good times return
Mortgage possible
Registration of ownership within 30 days
|
Housing type |
total area |
Living space |
Number of rooms |
Bathroom |
Balcony |
|
Apartment in a new building on the street. Tyulyaeva |
separated |
Glazed, metal-plastic |
|||
|
Apartment in a new building on the street. Lenin |
separated |
Glazed, metal-plastic |
|||
|
Apartment in a new building on the street. Chekistov |
separated |
Glazed, metal-plastic |
* Apartments in pre-finishing, without plumbing, electric stove and interior decoration
Assignment 5
1. Statement of the problem.
The program should calculate labor productivity in trade (turnover per employee) according to the formula:
where n is the number of product names;
P i - retail price of goods i - of that name;
M i - the number of goods sold i - of that type;
T i - labor costs per ruble of turnover of goods i - of that type.
2. Description of variables
N - the number of product names, an integer;
i - an intermediate variable for organizing a loop, an integer;
P - price of the i-th product, real number (real)
M - the number of products of the i-th type sold, an integer
T - labor costs per ruble of turnover of goods of the i-th type, real number (real);
S1 - sum of values Pi * Mi, real number (real);
S2 - sum of Pi * Mi * Ti values, real number (real);
K - labor productivity, real number (real).
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Introduction
Bibliography
Introduction
In the second half of the 20th century, humanity entered a new stage in its development. During this period, the transition from an industrial society to an informational one began. The process that ensures this transition is called informatization. Informatization is a process of creation, development and universal application media and technologies that ensure the achievement and maintenance of a level of awareness of all members of society, necessary and sufficient for a radical improvement in the quality of work and living conditions in society. At the same time, information becomes the most important strategic resource of society and occupies a key place in the economy, education and culture.
The inevitability of informatization of society is due to a sharp increase in the role and importance of information. The information society is characterized by a highly developed information sphere, which includes human activities for the creation, processing, storage, transmission and accumulation of information.
It is known that computers are capable of quickly solving complex problems. However, not everyone knows that it solves the problem in strict accordance with the given program. In my work I will talk about text processing packages and the global Internet. After all, with the help of these two the most complex programs(systems) the life of a modern person is ensured. Most of those working in the information society (over 80%) are employed in the information sphere, that is, in the production of information and information services.
The society is provided with the technical, technological and legal possibilities of access practically anywhere in the territory and at an acceptable time to the information it needs (with the exception of military and state secrets, precisely stipulated in the relevant legislative acts).
The scientific basis of the process of informatization of society is the scientific discipline - informatics. In a broad sense, computer science is the science of information activities, information processes and their organization in human - machine systems. The main sections of informatics are research and development of information tools and technologies, software and modeling of subject areas.
1. Packages for processing text information
In modern developed information systems, computer processing of information presupposes a sequential - parallel in time solution of computational problems. The presentation of the basics of programming is carried out using the BASIC language. Due to its many versions, the main emphasis is on learning programming and working with the program in the QBASIK environment, as the most accessible in Russia and promising in terms of professional application of programming skills in the future.
In BASIC you can work not only with numbers, but also with texts. These are qualitatively different types of data, but the principles of working with both in computers are quite general.
The bottom line is that in each computer (PC) a certain set of symbols is used to provide information, and in different types Computer (PC) character sets are different. Each character of such a set in a computer (PC) is represented by a certain number (code), and in different types of computers (PC) are used different ways encoding, that is, different codes are associated with the same character.
In IBM - compatible types of computers, 256 characters are used. Each of them is mapped to an eight-bit binary number. In decimal notation, these codes are represented by numbers from 0 to 255.
All indicated symbols are divided into two groups. The character encoding of the first group, characters with codes 0 ... 127, is made according to the American ASCII standard and is the same in all types of IBM compatible PCs. This group includes uppercase letters (codes 65 ... 90), lowercase letters (codes 97 ... 122) of the Latin alphabet, numbers 0 ... 9 (codes 48 ... 57), space (code 32), "empty" (code 0) and so on. ...
Symbols of the second group in a PC of the type under consideration include symbols of the Russian alphabet (or other national alphabets) and symbols of pseudo-graphics.
In different types of IBM-compatible PCs, the encoding of Russian letters quite often differs, which makes these PCs incompatible when using Russian text. Here's a little explanation:
The so-called standard, alternative, etc. are known. coding of letters of the Russian alphabet. The most common alternative encoding.
In this case, Russian letters have codes:
Capital letters - 128 ... 159;
Lowercase - 160 ... 175, 224 ... 239.
From the foregoing it follows that in a computer, textual information, like other information, is represented using numbers, and therefore its processing is reduced to operations on numbers.
If we talk about the representation of texts in the BASIC language, then it should be emphasized that each version of this language uses a set of characters and their encoding adopted for a PC of the type to which this version is oriented.
The BASIK version of Microsoft QBASIK is tied to an IBM-compatible PC, to the ASCII coding system, and to the encoding of the letters of the Russian alphabet adopted in this type of PC. BASIC versions designed for Russian-made PCs usually use the KOI-7 coding (8).
Note that in most cases, the programmer is not required to know the character coding system, since the program allows you to enter text into a computer in the usual form. In the program, the text is represented in the form of values of text quantities - variables, arrays, and so on.
Electronic information processing technology is a man-machine process of execution of interrelated operations proceeding in the established sequence in order to transform the initial (primary) information into the result one. An operation is a complex of technological actions performed, as a result of which information is transformed. Technological operations are varied in complexity, purpose, implementation technique, performed on various equipment, by many performers. In the conditions of electronic data processing, operations that are performed automatically on machines and devices that read data, perform operations according to a given program in automatic mode with the participation of a person, or retaining the functions of control, analysis and regulation for the user prevail.
Building technological process is determined by the following factors: the characteristics of the information being processed, its volume, the requirements of the urgency and accuracy of processing, the types, quantity and characteristics of the technical means used. They form the basis for the organization of technology, which includes the establishment of a list, the sequence and methods of performing operations, the order of work of specialists and automation equipment, the organization of workplaces, the establishment of time regulations for interaction, and the like.
The organization of the technological process should ensure its efficiency, complexity, reliability of functioning, high quality of work. This is achieved by using a systems engineering approach to technology design and solving economic problems. At the same time, there is a complex interconnected consideration of all factors, ways, methods of building technology, the use of elements of typification and standardization, as well as the unification of technological processes.
There are the following modes of interaction between the user and the computer: batch and interactive (query, dialogue). My chapter is devoted to text processing packages, so I will analyze in detail one kind of mode: batch.
The batch mode was most widespread in the practice of centralized solution of economic problems, when a large share was occupied by the tasks of reporting on the production and economic activities of economic entities of different management levels. The organization of the process in batch mode was built without user access to a computer. Its functions were limited to the preparation of initial data on a complex of information-related tasks and their transfer to the processing center, where a package was formed, including a computer task for processing, programs, initial, normative - pricing and reference data. The package was entered into a computer and implemented automatically without the participation of the user and a set of tasks. In this case, the operation of the computer could take place in a single-program or multi-program mode, which is preferable, since the parallel operation of the main devices of the machine was ensured. Batch mode is currently being implemented for email.
2. Global computer network Internet
The Internet is a world computer network. It is composed of a variety of computer networks, united by standard agreements on the methods of exchange of information and a unified addressing system. The Internet uses protocols of the TCP / IP family. They are good in that they provide a relatively cheap opportunity to reliably and quickly transfer information even over not very reliable communication lines, as well as to build software suitable for working on any equipment.
The addressing system (URL) provides unique coordinates for each computer (more precisely, almost every computer resource) and each Internet user, making it possible to take exactly what you need and transfer it exactly where you need it.
Let me touch on a little historical background:
About 20 years ago, the US Department of Defense created the network that was the forerunner of the Internet, called ARPAnet. ARPAnet was an experimental network - it was created to support scientific research in the military-industrial sphere, - in particular, to study methods of building networks that are resistant to partial damage, received, for example, during bombing by aircraft, and capable of continuing normal operation under such conditions. This requirement provides a clue to understanding the design and structure of the Internet. In the ARPAnet model, there has always been communication between the source computer and the destination computer (destination station). The network was supposed to be unreliable: any part of the network could disappear at any moment.
The computers that communicate - not just the network itself - also have a responsibility to ensure that communications are established and maintained. The basic principle was that any computer could communicate as an equal with an equal with any other computer.
Data transmission in the network was organized on the basis of the Internet protocol - IP. IP is the rules and description of how a network works. This set includes rules for establishing and maintaining communication in a network, rules for handling IP packets and their processing, descriptions of network packets of the IP family (their structure, etc.). The network was conceived and designed in such a way that no information was required from users about the specific structure of the network. In order to send a message over the network, the computer must put the data in a kind of "envelope", called, for example, IP, indicate on this "envelope" "a specific address in the network and transmit the resulting packets to the network.
These decisions may seem strange, as does the assumption of an "unreliable" "network, but past experience has shown that most of these decisions are quite reasonable and correct. While the Organization for International Standardization (ISO) spent years creating the final standard for computer networks, users did not want to wait. Internet activists began to install IP software on all kinds of computers. It soon became the only acceptable way to connect disparate computers. This scheme was liked by the government and universities, which have a policy of buying computers from different manufacturers. Everyone bought the computer they liked and had the right to expect to be able to work on the network in conjunction with other computers.
About 10 years after the appearance of ARPAnet, Local Area Networks (LANs) appeared, for example, such as Ethernet and others. At the same time, computers appeared, which began to be called workstations. Most of the workstations had a UNIX operating system installed. This OS had the ability to work on a network with the Internet Protocol (IP). In connection with the emergence of fundamentally new problems and methods of their solution, a new need arose: organizations wanted to connect to ARPAnet on their local network. Around the same time, other organizations emerged and began to build their own networks using communication protocols similar to IP. It became clear that everyone would only benefit if these networks could all communicate together, because then users on one network would be able to communicate with users on another network.
One of the most important of these new networks was NSFNET, an initiative of the National Science Foundation (NSF). In the late 1980s, NSF created five supercomputer centers, making them available for use in any scientific institution. Only five centers were created because they are very expensive even for wealthy America. That is why they should have been used cooperatively. There was a communication problem: a way was needed to connect these centers and provide access to them to different users. An attempt was first made to use ARPAnet communications, but this solution collapsed in the face of defense industry bureaucracy and staffing problems.
Then NSF decided to build its own network based on ARPAnet IP technology. The centers were connected by dedicated telephone lines with a bandwidth of 56 KBPS (7 KB / s). However, it was obvious that it was not worth even trying to connect all universities and research organizations directly with the centers, since to lay such a quantity of cable is not only very expensive, but almost impossible. Therefore, it was decided to create networks on a regional basis. In every part of the country, the institutions concerned had to connect with their closest neighbors. The resulting chains were connected to the supercomputer at one of their points, so the supercomputer centers were connected together. In this topology, any computer could communicate with any other, passing messages through neighbors.
This solution was successful, but the time came when the network could no longer cope with the increased needs. Sharing supercomputers allowed connected communities to use many other things outside of supercomputers. Suddenly, universities, schools and other organizations realized that they had a sea of data and a world of users at their fingertips. The flow of messages on the network (traffic) grew faster and faster until, in the end, it did not overload the computers that control the network and the telephone lines connecting them. In 1987, the contract for the management and development of the network was transferred to Merit Network Inc., which ran the Michigan education network in conjunction with IBM and MCI. The old physical network was replaced by faster (about 20 times) telephone lines. Have been replaced with faster and more networked control machines.
The process of improving the network is ongoing. However, most of these rebuilds take place behind the scenes. After turning on the computer, you will not see an announcement that the next six months the Internet will not be available due to modernization. Perhaps even more important, network congestion and network enhancements have created a mature and practical technology. Problems were solved, and development ideas were tested in action.
Use of email only. This method allows you to receive and send messages to other users and nothing more. You can also use other services provided by the Internet through special gateways. These gateways, however, do not allow for interactive operation and can be quite difficult to use.
Remote terminal mode. You connect to another computer connected to the Internet as a remote user. Client programs that use Internet services are launched on the remote computer, and the results of their work are displayed on the screen of your terminal. Since the connection is mainly based on terminal emulation programs, you can only work in text mode. Thus, for example, you can use only a text browser to view WEB-sites and you will not see graphic images.
Direct connection. This is the basic and best form of connection when your computer becomes one of the nodes on the Internet. It communicates directly with other computers on the Internet using the TCP / IP protocol. Access to Internet services is carried out through programs running on your computer.
Traditionally, computers have connected directly to the Internet via local area networks or by selected connections. In addition to the computer itself, additional network equipment (routers, gateways, etc.) is required to establish such connections. Since this equipment and connection channels are quite expensive, direct connections are used only by organizations with a large volume of transmitted and received information.
An alternative to direct connections for individuals and small organizations is to use telephone lines to establish temporary connections (dial up) to a remote computer connected to the Internet.
Discussing different ways of accessing the Internet, she argued that direct connection is basic and best. However, it is too expensive for the individual user. Working in the remote terminal mode significantly limits the user's capabilities.
A compromise solution is to use SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point Protocol). In what follows, the term SLIP / PPP will be used to refer to SLIP and / or PPP - in many respects they are similar.
SLIP / PPP transfers TCP / IP packets over serial links, particularly telephone lines, between two computers. Both computers run programs that use the TCP / IP protocols. Thus, individual users are able to establish a direct connection to the Internet from their computer, with only a modem and a telephone line. When connecting via SLIP / PPP, you can run client programs for WWW, e-mail, etc. directly on your computer.
What is the difference between a SLIP / PPP connection and remote terminal mode? To establish both the SLIP / PPP connection and the remote terminal mode, you need to call another computer directly connected to the Internet (provider) and register on it. The key difference is that with a SLIP / PPP connection, your computer receives a unique IP address and communicates directly with other computers using the TCP / IP protocol. In the remote terminal mode, your computer is just a device for displaying the results of the program running on the provider's computer.
Network software needs 32-bit IP addresses to establish a connection. However, users prefer to use computer names because they are easier to remember. Thus, a means is needed to translate names to IP addresses and vice versa.
When the Internet was small, it was easy. Each computer had files that described the correspondence between names and addresses. Changes were made to these files from time to time. At present, this method has outlived its usefulness, since the number of computers on the Internet is very large. The files have been replaced by a system of name servers that keep track of the correspondence between names and network addresses of computers (in reality, this is just one of the services provided by the name server system). It should be noted that a whole network of name servers is used, not just one central one.
The name servers are organized in a tree that matches the organizational structure of the network. Computer names are also structured accordingly. Example: The computer is named BORAX.LCS.MIT.EDU. It is a computer installed in the Computer Laboratory (LCS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). For. To determine its network address, in theory, you need to get information from 4 different servers. First, you need to contact one of the EDU servers that serve educational institutions (to ensure reliability, each level of the naming hierarchy is served by several servers). On this server, you need to get the addresses of the MIT servers. On one of the MIT servers, you can get the address of the LCS server (s). Finally, the address of the BORAX computer can be found on the LCS server.
Each of these levels is called a domain. The full name BORAX.LCS.MIT.EDU is thus a domain name (as are the domain names LCS.MIT.EDU, MIT.EDU, and EDU).
Fortunately, you don't really need to contact all of the listed servers every time. The software installed by the user contacts the name server in his domain, and he, if necessary, contacts other name servers and provides in response the final result of converting the domain name into an IP address.
The domain system stores more than just information about the names and addresses of computers. It also contains a large amount of other useful information: information about users, addresses of mail servers, etc.
Application protocols are used in specific application programs. Their total number is large and continues to grow. Some applications have been around since the early days of the internet, such as TELNET and FTP. Others appeared later: HTTP, NNTP, POP3, SMTP.
The TELNET protocol allows the server to treat all remote computers as standard text-type "network terminals". Working with TELNET is like dialing a phone number. The user types something like telnet delta on the keyboard and is prompted to log into machine delta on the screen. The TELNET protocol has been around for a long time. It is well tested and widely distributed. Many implementations have been created for a wide variety of operating systems.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is as widespread as TELNET. It is one of the oldest protocols in the TCP / IP family. Just like TELNET, it uses TCP transport services. There are many implementations for different operating systems that interact well with each other. An FTP user can invoke several commands that allow him to view a directory on a remote machine, navigate from one directory to another, and copy one or more files.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) supports the transfer of messages (e-mail) between arbitrary nodes on the internet. With mechanisms for staging mail and mechanisms for improving the reliability of delivery, the SMTP protocol allows the use of various transport services.
The SMTP protocol provides both the grouping of messages to the address of one recipient, and the multiplication of several copies of the message for transmission to different addresses. Above the SMTP module is the mail service for a specific computer. In typical client programs, it is mainly used to send outgoing messages.
The HTTP (Hyper text transfer protocol) protocol is used to exchange information between WWW (World Wide Web) servers and hypertext viewers - WWW browsers. Allows the transmission of a wide range of various information - text, graphic, audio and video. It is currently in the stage of continuous improvement.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol - Post Office Protocol, version 3), allows email client programs to receive and send messages from / to mail servers... It has quite flexible capabilities for managing the contents of mailboxes located on a mail site. In typical client programs, it is mainly used to receive incoming messages.
Network News Transfer Protocol - Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) allows news servers and client programs to communicate — distribute, request, retrieve, and transfer messages to newsgroups. New messages are stored in a centralized database that allows the user to select messages of interest. Indexing, referencing, and removal of obsolete messages are also provided.
Servers are network nodes designed to service requests from clients - software agents that extract information or transmit it to the network and work under the direct control of users. Clients provide information in an understandable and user-friendly form, while servers perform the service functions of storing, distributing, managing information and issuing it at the request of clients. Each type of service on the Internet is provided by appropriate servers and can be used with the help of appropriate clients.
Service WWW - the world wide web, provides the presentation and interconnection of a huge number of hypertext documents, including text, graphics, sound and video, located on various servers around the world and linked through links in documents. The emergence of this service has greatly simplified access to information and has been one of the main reasons for the explosive growth of the Internet since 1990. The WWW service operates using the HTTP protocol.
To use this service, browser programs are used, the most popular of which are in currently are Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer.
"Web browsers" are nothing more than browsers; they are made by analogy with a free communication program called Mosaic, created in 1993 at the laboratory of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of St. Illinois for easy access to the WWW. What can you get using the WWW? Nearly everything associated with "surfing the Internet" - from the latest financial news to medical and health information, music and literature, pets and houseplants, cooking and automotive. You can order air tickets to any part of the world (real, not virtual), tourist brochures, find the necessary software and technical support for your PC, play games with distant (and unknown) partners and follow sports and political events around the world. Finally, with the help of most programs with access to the WWW, you can also access teleconferences (there are about 10,000 in total), where messages are posted on any topic - from astrology to linguistics, as well as exchange messages by e-mail.
Thanks to WWW browsers, the chaotic jungle of information on the Internet takes the form of familiar, neat pages with text and photographs, and in some cases even video and sound. Attractive home pages immediately help you understand what information is coming next. There are all the necessary headings and subheadings, which can be selected using the scroll bars as in the usual Windows screen or Macintosh. Each keyword is linked to corresponding information files via hypertext links. And do not let the term "hypertext" scare you: hypertext links are about the same as a footnote in an encyclopedia article, beginning with the words "see also ..." Instead of flipping through the pages of a book, you just need to click on the desired key word(for convenience, it is highlighted on the screen in color or font), and the required material will appear in front of you. It is very convenient that the program allows you to return to previously viewed materials or, by clicking the mouse, move on.
E-mail - e-mail. Using E-mail, you can exchange personal or business messages between addressees who have an E-mail address.
Your email address is indicated in the connection contract. The e-mail server on which the mailbox is set up works like an ordinary post office to which mail arrives. An e-mail address is an analogue of a rented post office box in a post office. Sent messages are immediately sent to the addressee indicated in the letter, and the received messages are waiting in the mailbox until they are picked up. It is possible to send and receive email from anyone with an email address. Most of the messages are sent using SMTP, while receiving is mostly POP3.
You can use a variety of e-mail programs - specialized, such as Eudora, or built-in Web browsers, such as Netscape Navigator.
Usenet is a worldwide discussion club. It consists of a set of newsgroups, whose names are organized hierarchically according to the topics discussed. Messages ("articles" or "messages") are sent to these conferences by users using special software. Once sent, messages are sent to news servers and made available for reading by other users.
You can send a message and view the responses to it, which will appear in the future. Since many people read the same material, reviews begin to accumulate. All messages on one topic form a "thread" [in Russian, the word "topic" is also used in the same meaning]; thus, although the responses may have been written at different times and mixed with other messages, they still form a coherent discussion. You can subscribe to any conference, view the headers of messages in it using a news reader, sort messages by topic to make it easier to follow the discussion, add your own messages with comments and ask questions. Newsreaders are used to read and send messages, such as Netscape News, which is built into the Netscape Navigator browser, or Microsoft's Internet News, which comes with the latest versions of Internet Explorer.
FTP is a method of transferring files between computers. The ongoing development of software and the publication of unique textual sources of information ensure that the world's FTP archives remain a fascinating and ever-changing treasure trove.
You are unlikely to find commercial software in FTP archives, as licensing agreements prohibit open distribution. But you will find shareware and open source software. These are different categories: the public domain is really free, and you have to pay the author for shareware if, after the trial period, you decide to keep the program and use it. You will also meet the so-called freeware; their creators retain copyright, but allow their creations to be used without any payment.
To view FTP archives and retrieve the files stored on them, you can use specialized programs - WS_FTP, CuteFTP, or use the WWW Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer browsers - they contain built-in tools for working with FTP servers.
Remote Login - remote access - work on a remote computer in a mode when your computer emulates the terminal of a remote computer, i.e. You can do everything (or almost everything) that you can do from a regular terminal of the machine from which you established a remote access session.
The program that handles remote sessions is called telnet. telnet has a set of commands that control the communication session and its parameters. The session is provided by the joint work of the software of the remote computer and yours. They establish TCP communication and communicate over TCP and UDP packets.
The telnet program is included with Windows and is installed along with TCP / IP protocol support.
Proxy ("near") server is designed to accumulate information that users often access on the local system. When you connect to the Internet using a proxy server, your requests are initially directed to this local system. The server fetches the required resources and provides them to you, while saving a copy. When you re-access the same resource, a saved copy is provided. Thus, the number of remote connections is reduced.
Using a proxy server may slightly increase the access speed if the communication channel of your Internet provider is not efficient enough. If the communication channel is powerful enough, the access speed may even decrease slightly, since when retrieving a resource, instead of one connection, two connections are made from the user to the remote computer: from the user to the proxy server and from the proxy server to the remote computer.
A little about the technical details:
The term "TCP / IP" usually refers to everything related to the TCP and IP protocols. It spans the entire protocol family, application programs, and even the network itself. The family includes UDP, ARP, ICMP, TELNET, FTP and many others. TCP / IP is an internetworking technology. The IP module creates a single logical network.
The architecture of the TCP / IP protocols is designed for an interconnected network consisting of separate heterogeneous packet subnets connected to each other by gateways, to which dissimilar machines are connected. Each of the subnets operates in accordance with its specific requirements and has its own nature of the communication means. However, it is assumed that each subnet can receive a packet of information (data with a corresponding network header) and deliver it to a specified address on that particular subnet. The subnet is not required to guarantee mandatory delivery of packets and to have a reliable transport protocol. Thus, two machines connected to the same subnet can exchange packets. When it is necessary to transfer a packet between machines connected to different subnets, the sending machine sends the packet to the appropriate gateway (the gateway is connected to the subnet just like a normal node). From there, the packet is routed along a specific route through the gateway and subnet system until it reaches a gateway connected to the same subnet as the receiving machine; there the package is forwarded to the recipient. The problem of packet delivery in such a system is solved by implementing IP in all nodes and gateways. The gateway layer is essentially the basic element in the entire protocol architecture, providing the ability to standardize upper layer protocols. informatization internet mail access
Now about data streams:
A driver is a program that communicates directly with a network adapter. A module is a program that interacts with a driver, network applications, or other modules. The network adapter driver and possibly other modules specific to the physical communication network provide the network interface for the protocol modules of the TCP / IP family.
The name of a block of data transmitted over the network depends on which layer of the protocol stack it is at. The block of data that the network interface deals with is called a frame; if the data block is between the network interface and the IP module, then it is called an IP packet; if it is between the IP module and the UDP module, then it is a UDP datagram; if between the IP module and the TCP module, then - the TCP segment (or transport message); finally, if the data block is at the level of network application processes, then it is called an application message.
These definitions are, of course, imperfect and incomplete. Plus, they change from publication to publication.
The possibilities of the Internet are as wide as a person can only have enough imagination. Network technology has already seriously established itself as the best source of information in the West and is rapidly developing in the countries of the former Soviet Union. For example, in Russia last year the Internet was developed at 400%, in Ukraine - only 300%. Today, more than 10,000 users are registered in our country, and this number is constantly growing. By opinion and deep conviction general director By the end of the 20th century, the world community of Microsoft Bill Gates is rapidly moving towards the inevitable transformation into a network in 5-10 years. Therefore, it is especially important today to pay attention to this technological perspective, and to try to do everything possible to integrate the Internet into the field of education.
Bibliography
1. Vigdorchik G.V., Vorobiev A.Yu. "Fundamentals of programming on assembly for SM computer", M, 1987
2. Wirth N. "Algorithms and data structure", M, 1990
3. Yusupova R.M. "Questions of Applied Informatics", St. Pet., 1993
4. Kosyrev V.P. "Economic informatics and computer technology", M, 1996
5. Zaydinov O.D. “Global information networks. Internet ", M, 2009
6. Lyakhovich V.F. "Fundamentals of Informatics", ed. Phoenix, 1996
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