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Program windows (application windows). Programs for calculating windows Program windows

Operating system(OS) Is a set of programs that provide user interface, information input and output, working with files, executing application programs, connecting a computer to a network and coordinating the operation of hardware. There are other operating systems besides Windows. The most famous alternatives are Linux and MacOS (installed on Apple computers). However, according to statistics, no more than 4% of users in the world work with each of them, so today Microsoft with its Windows is actually a monopoly on the operating system market.

Program

Program Is a sequence of machine instructions (a set of instructions understood by a processor) designed to perform a specific task. As a rule, the program is designed in the form of one or more executable files, which, after installing the application on the computer, are written to the hard drive. The collection of programs is called software (software).

All existing software can be divided into system and application. System software responsible for controlling the operation of all computer components and their interaction with each other. Application software focused on solving specific user tasks. Its work, in turn, is controlled by the system software. An operating system belongs to the class of system software; among application programs, applications can be distinguished for working with text documents, performing calculations, graphics packages(image processing tools), multimedia programs and etc.

For start application program the user accesses the executable file, as a result of which the application is loaded into RAM... The operating system is loaded into memory automatically when the computer is turned on and ensures the correct functioning of both the computer itself and the application programs.

User interface

User interface Is a set of tools and rules for the exchange of information between a user and a computer. The interface determines how the information is displayed and what the technology for inputting data from the user is.

In MS-DOS, an operating system from Microsoft that existed before the emergence of Windows, a text interface was used. The user could communicate with the machine only by entering various commands from the keyboard. The result of these commands execution and system messages were also displayed as text. Thus, while working in MS-DOS, only creeping lines of text could be seen on a black screen (Fig. A.1). Along with single-tasking (executing only one program at a time) and the inability to work with graphics, the main disadvantage of MS-DOS was the need to learn the syntax of all commands and the rules for entering them, which undoubtedly complicated the work of beginners.

Rice. A.1. MS-DOS text interface

MS-DOS with its text-based interface was replaced by Windows - an operating system with a graphical user interface (GUI - from the English. Graphical User Interface). The difference graphical interface from the textual one is that all objects and means of data exchange between the user and the computer are presented in the form of graphical components of the screen: icons, windows, menus, buttons, lists. From now on, the user does not need to know what command to enter, for example, to open a particular folder - just hover the mouse over its icon and double-click. Navigating between graphics in Windows environment can be done using the keyboard, but today this is no longer relevant, since it is much more convenient to use a mouse.

Actions with the mouse

In the text of the book, when describing various actions, you will repeatedly come across the instructions "click the mouse ...", "double-click ...", "click on ...", "click ...", "drag the object". Let's take a quick look at how these operations are performed. To click a mouse button on the specified object, you need to move the mouse pointer over it and briefly press the left or right mouse button (depending on which click is required from you). Double-clicking means a quick double-click of the left mouse button after hovering over an object. In the recommendations "click on ..." and "click ..." we mean left-clicking. To drag an object, place the pointer over it, click the mouse button (the object will be selected) and, while continuing to hold it down, "move" the object to another position by moving the mouse.

File

File Is a logically separate, named collection of data (text, graphic, sound, video data) that can be stored on various storage media (hard disk, CD, flash drive, floppy disk) and is considered during storage and processing as a whole. To make it clearer, consider the following analogy. Every book on a shelf, a photo in an album, a movie on a DVD or a song on a CD, we perceive as something whole, indivisible. The computer does the same. If the text (image, movie, song, etc.) is stored on a computer, then the machine perceives it as a single whole - a file, and works with it as with something indivisible (opens the content completely, transfers it when the user requests it from one place in the other, just like a person, opening a book for reading, does not tear out several sheets of it and transfers it from the shelf to the table as a whole, without tearing it apart).

File system

File system - these are the rules that determine how the storage of data on disks will be organized. Since data is stored as files, the file system determines its format — the maximum possible size, name length, and other characteristics. The FAT32 file system allows a maximum file length of 127 characters, NTFS (more advanced than FAT32) - 254 characters.

Device icons

Icon Is a small graphic element that points to an application, document, directory, device, or some other object. Any icon has a signature, which is the name of the represented object. Windows icons are used to designate a wide variety of objects: devices, files, folders, shortcuts.

In the Windows environment, the hard disk of your computer, devices designed to work with removable media (disk drive, optical drive), as well as external storage media (for example, a "flash drive" or digital camera), when they are connected to a computer, a name consisting of a capital Latin letter and a colon is assigned, as well as an icon. To open the window shown in Fig. 2, and familiarize yourself with the device icons, click the Start button and select Computer.

Rice. A.2. Device icons

By default, the operating system names the hard disk C: (also referred to as Local disk). If HDD your computer is divided into several sections, then in just open window you will see as many Local Disk icons as there are partitions on the hard drive. Each section is named in alphabetical order, starting with the letter C :.

The floppy drive is always named A: (and also Disk 3.5). In fact, this name is assigned to the floppy disk.

The optical drive receives the letter that follows the letter that represents the hard drive (or its last partition). So, if the hard drive is not divided into partitions, the optical drive (like a CD) will be named D :, if the hard drive has two partitions - C: and D:, then the optical drive will be named E :. External storage media connected to the computer ("flash drives", digital cameras) are recognized by the system as removable drives and are named in the next alphabetical letter after the one that appears in the name of the CD-ROM drive.

All storage media - hard disk, CD, "flash drives", floppy disks are usually called a common word disks... To see the contents of the disc, you need to double-click on its icon.

File icons

Any file on Windows is also represented by an icon and has unique identificator, consisting of the file name and extension, which can be seen in the icon caption when the display of extensions is enabled (Fig. A.3). For information on how to enable the display of extensions, see Ch. 3.

Rice. A.3. Examples of file icons

The file name is separated from the extension by a period and is located to the left (for example, in the notation Word document.docx filename - Word document). It can consist of Russian and Latin letters, numbers and punctuation marks, except for the characters "\", "/", ":", "*", "?", "" ","<», «>"," | ". The length of the file name depends on the selected during installation Windows file systems.

File extension- these are three or more characters that are to the right of the dot (in our example, docx) and indicate the file type.

From the user's point of view, it is convenient to distinguish two types of files that you have to work with.

Program files. Of all the variety of files responsible for the operation of the application, the user deals with executable files. For almost any program, this file has EXE extension(often referred to as an EXE file). Launching such a file will launch the application. In fig. A.3 the last icon is an example of an EXE file. Usually every developer creates for executable file your unique logo icon. Double-clicking the EXE file icon will launch the application.

The documents. These are files that contain the information the user needs: text, tables, graphics, music, video. Most of these files are created in the environment of a particular program. Windows, taking into account the extension of the files, associates them with this or that application. After double-clicking on the document icon, the program in which the file was created is launched first, and only then the file itself is opened. Some files can be opened using a particular program, despite the fact that they were not created by the user in any application (for example, photos transferred from a camera to a computer, films). Files created in a certain program or simply associated with a specific application, have the same icon, programmed... So, all documents created in the text editor Word will have the icon shown fifth in Fig. A.3. All web pages saved from the Internet as web archives will have the same icon as the first one in Fig. A.3.

Working on a computer, you will eventually remember which icons are of one type or another, and by their appearance you will be able to quickly navigate what the file contains - text, image, video or music. Likewise, you will very quickly learn how to identify the contents of a file by its extension. Below are the extensions that you will encounter most often:

EXE - programs;

DOC, TXT - text documents;

XLS - Excel spreadsheet files;

HTM, HTML - web pages;

AVI, MPEG, MPG - video recordings;

MP3, WAV, WMA - sound files;

JPG, BMP, GIF - images;

RAR, ZIP - archives.

Folder icons

Since disks usually store great amount files, they need to be organized to avoid confusion and long searches desired file... For this they serve folders(just like in life, it is customary to put documents of the same subject in one folder).

Since folders are necessary for grouping files, they are also stored on disks and are designated with special icons. The very data area of the disk, in which files and folders are located, is usually called root folder.

The appearance of folder icons depends on the types of files stored inside and the presence of subfolders. Personal folders of the user have special green icons (Fig. A.4).

Rice. A.4. Examples of icons for regular folders and personal folders for a user

Each folder has its own name, which is set according to the same rules as the file name. Each folder can contain not only files, but also other folders, which, in turn, can also contain folders. This structure is called folder tree... Folders are sometimes referred to as directories or directories.

Label icons

If you work with documents located in one of the “hidden” folders, then in order to open the files, you have to move through a long chain of folders each time, and this is time-consuming and rather inconvenient. For quick access the user can create a shortcut to the necessary objects and place it on the Desktop.

Label Is a small file that records the path to a file, folder, network connection, or device. By double-clicking on the shortcut, you will run the file or perform some other action depending on which object the shortcut refers to. The shortcut icon has the same appearance as the icon of the associated object, the only difference is a small arrow in the lower left corner of the icon, which allows you to distinguish the object from the shortcut (Fig. A.5).

Rice. A.5. Folder shortcut, text document, network connection, hard disk and EXE file

The tag serves as a protective barrier for the object, since if the tag is accidentally removed, the object itself remains in its original place.

Clipboard

Clipboard- this is a special area of the computer's RAM, which stores data intended for moving or copying both between windows different applications and in the same window.

In any program, when the Cut command is executed, the object is removed from the current position and placed on the clipboard. The Copy command places a copy of the selected object on the clipboard. Using the Paste command, you can paste an object on the clipboard into another window or to another position in the same window.

Window

Any action on the computer (working with the program, setting up the system, connecting to the Network) the user performs in a window. Window Is a limited rectangular space on the screen that displays the content of an object requested by the user.

Windows windows can be roughly divided into two types: programmatic and dialog. Program window opens when the application starts and contains necessary tools to perform various actions. The program window opens documents created or viewed in this application.

Dialog window appears when calling most application tools, as well as when accessing Windows settings... It contains controls that the user can use to tell the system exactly what action and with what parameters should be performed.

By the way, the very name of the operating system - Windows- translated from English as window, which directly indicates the way the user communicates with the computer through windows.

Program windows

The structure of program windows is the same for most applications, therefore, after studying one example, you can easily navigate in the window of any program.

Let's consider the components of software windows using the example of a standard Windows applications – text editor WordPad (Fig. A.6). To open it, select Start> All Programs> Accessories> WordPad.

Rice. A.6. Program window components

Window title- the upper area of the window, which contains the name of the program and its icon. If you open a document in the window of this program, then the name will be displayed in the title, separated by a hyphen, to the right of the application name. open file... With the help of the title, you can move the window around the screen: move the mouse pointer over any part of the title, click and hold down the mouse button and move the mouse in the required direction. The window will move after it. This operation possible only when the program window is not maximized to full screen.

Window control buttons- are located in the right part of the window title and are used to change the window state.

- Minimize

- allows you to minimize the program window to a button on the Taskbar. To return the window to the initial state, you need to click its button on the Taskbar.

- Expand

- is responsible for full screen mode window display. If the application window takes up part of the screen, you can expand it to full screen by clicking this button. You can switch to the full-screen view by double-clicking on the title bar of the program window.

- Minimize to window

- appears in place of the Maximize button when switching to full-screen window display mode. With its help, you can return to the previous state when the window takes up part of the screen. This mode is also called multi-window mode, because when you open several applications at the same time on the screen, you can see their windows overlapping each other. In multi-window mode, to switch to a window of another application, just click on any visible part of it. In this case, the window will become active - it will move to the front, the application tools will be available.

- Close

- serves to close the application window. Accordingly, when you press it, the program terminates.

Menu bar- contains menu items in which there are commands responsible for performing various operations with the contents of the window. Menu different programs differ from each other, however, some menu sections are the same for most applications (File, Edit, View, Help) and contain standard commands... To use a menu command, you need to move the mouse pointer over the name of the menu, click on it with the mouse button, in the list of commands that opens, move to the required one and also click on it with the mouse button.

Toolbar- usually it contains buttons and drop-down lists for accessing the most frequently used menu commands. If a button or list does not have an inscription clearly indicating its function, you can hover the mouse pointer over the element: if the pointer pauses slightly, a tooltip will appear, in which you can read what the button or list is responsible for. Some applications have multiple toolbars.

Workspace- serves to display the contents of the window. When working with documents in various programs in work area the contents of the file are displayed (in our case, the typed text).

Scroll bars and located on them scroll buttons- appear when the size of the window is smaller than the content displayed in it. With their help, you can move around the working area of the window to the desired object. To move vertically, move the mouse pointer over the vertical bar scroll button, click on it and, while holding down the mouse button, move the mouse in the desired direction (up or down), and the contents of the window will follow it. Similarly, you can move left / right using the horizontal scroll button.

The functions of the vertical scroll bar are completely performed by the mouse wheel: by scrolling it, you can move up / down the document.

Status bar- located at the bottom of the window and is designed to display various kinds of service information, the content of which depends on the application in which the user is working.

Window borders- narrow lines indicating the area of the window on the screen. By dragging the borders of the window, you can resize it in any way. To drag the border in the desired direction, move the mouse pointer to it, and it will change to

(depending on whether the border is horizontal or vertical). Then click and hold down the mouse button and move the border to a new position. You can drag any of the sides of the rectangle - the window.

Window resizing corner- by dragging this corner, you can resize the window horizontally and vertically at the same time.

Dialog boxes

The structure of the dialog boxes is somewhat different from the structure of the program windows. They lack a menu bar, a toolbar, a status bar; of the window control buttons in the title, there is only a Close button. The name of the dialog box most often corresponds to the command with which it was called.

The working area of a dialog box usually contains one or several standard Windows items controls that allow you to set the necessary parameters to perform a particular action. Let's take a look at all the controls that you come across while working in Windows.

Button- the most important control element present in all dialog boxes (Fig. A.7). The label on the button indicates what action will be taken when it is pressed. In different dialog boxes, the purpose of the buttons is always narrowly specific, however, in almost all windows there are three standard buttons:

Rice. A.7. Dialog Buttons

- OK - closes the dialog box with saving all changed parameters;

- Cancellation - responsible for closed windows without saving changes (similar to the Close button);

- Apply - is responsible for the entry of the changed parameters into force, but the window remains open.

Pay attention to fig. A.7 the OK button is highlighted. This means that it is active and you can use the Enter key to press it. In any dialog box, one button is always active. If any button is unavailable, it is grayed out, like the Apply button in Fig. A.7.

Tab- in dialog boxes containing a large number of settings, controls are grouped into tabs. If the window with tabs is considered as a brochure with several pages, then the tab is a page of such a brochure, which has a label with the title (Fig. A.8).

Rice. A.8. Folder Properties Window Tabs

To switch from one tab to another, you need to click on its name at the top of the dialog box.

List- contains a list of possible parameters of any setting, from which the user can select the desired one. The list can be ordinary (Fig. A.9, left) and drop-down (Fig. P.9, on right). To see all the items in the drop-down list, you need to click on it with the mouse button. For the changes selected in the list to take effect, you must click the Apply or OK button.

Rice. A.9. An example of regular (left) and drop-down (right) lists

Text field- names, addresses and other characteristics are entered into it from the keyboard, which will later be used by the custom object (Fig. A.10). To type the text you want in a field, move the mouse pointer over it and click. In this case, the cursor will start blinking in the field, indicating that you can start entering.

Rice. A.10. Text field

Numeric field- serves to change the numerical value of any parameter. To the right of the numeric field there are two small arrow buttons, by pressing which you can decrease or increase the value (Fig. A.11). The desired number can also be entered from the keyboard.

Rice. A.11. Numeric field

Checkbox- a small window with a name indicating what action will be performed when the checkbox is checked. Dialog boxes contain both single checkboxes and entire groups (Fig. A.12). To check the box, you need to click on the small window or the name next to it. In this case, a check mark will appear in the window, and the action described in the name of the check box will be performed. To cancel the action, you must uncheck the box by clicking on it again with the mouse button.

Rice. A.12. Group of checkboxes

Switch- is a group consisting of the name of a parameter or object and several options for its functions. Each option has a small round window and a name, which clearly describes the action to be performed when this function is selected (Fig. A.13). To set the parameter value, click on the round window or on the name located to the right of it. A dot will appear in the window.

Rice. A.13. Switch

Regulator- allows you to change the value of the parameter in the specified range of values. The regulator has a name, a scale for changing the parameter value and a slider (Fig. A.14). To set the desired value for the parameter, click and hold the slider and move it to a different mark.

Rice. A.14. Regulator

Context menu

Context menu Is the menu that appears when you right-click on any of Windows objects... From the name of the menu itself, it follows that its content depends on which object was clicked on.

The context menu contains commands responsible for performing those actions that can be applied to this object... So, if you right-click on the file icon, then in the context menu you will see the commands responsible for opening (Open), moving (Cut, Copy, Paste), renaming (Rename), deleting a file (Delete), viewing its properties ( Properties), sending a file by e-mail or to removable media (Fig. A.15). In addition, for some programs (antiviruses, archivers, exchange programs instant messaging via the Internet) installed on the computer, the most important commands are placed in the context menu of the file (scanning for viruses, archiving the file, sending it to the interlocutor via an Internet pager). To select the required command, just move the pointer to it and click the mouse button. By right-clicking on the Desktop, you will see a different set of commands responsible for the view, sorting icons on the Desktop, pasting objects from the clipboard, creating a folder, file and shortcut, as well as the Personalization command, which opens a window for configuring Desktop settings.

Rice. A.15. File context menu

To hide the context menu, simply click anywhere outside of the context menu.

And the buildings have many distinct areas and directions. In this area, the design of window structures plays an important role. For effective and simple control they use a program for calculating windows. It performs a whole series of important functions, and, first of all, it allows you to save a huge amount of time spent on simple operations of the same type.

Such programs for calculating metal-plastic and wooden windows are especially important at the stage of their production, they are designed in such a way as to help the manufacturer as much as possible to shorten the time and simplify the work in general.

Basically, all programs of this type perform the same functions. On the client's side, this is the ability to visually design windows and calculate their cost, on the client's side - analysis necessary materials, calculation of work stages, financial accounting and documentation. Among all the variety software in this area, five of the most popular can be distinguished:

These are not all programs of this type that exist today. Many of them are created on the same basis and differ little from each other.

WH-Windows program

There is a very convenient and simple program, allowing you to design windows, taking into account the size and material used for the manufacture of frames. The developers provide for the availability step by step instructions, which is attached to this program, allowing in a short time to master the principle of work. Besides windows this program also allows you to design doorways. Moreover, the developers have incorporated the function of designing structures of various shapes.

Window project in WH window program

The main aspects of the WH window program

The program has a function that allows you to simulate the shape of future double-glazed windows. It also allows you to competently take into account the profiles and combine the window models existing in the base, produced by big amount manufacturers of similar products in the construction market. With the help of the functions included in the program, it is possible, taking into account the profile of the window block, to calculate its cost, taking into account the cost of the materials used for the construction of the box.

Also, this program allows you to put together the information available from the manufacturer in the accompanying documents. You can draw up price lists and reports on the work done to provide them to the customer.

Calculation of plastic windows is a program, as the name suggests, designed to carry out various calculations of plastic window structures. It creates Account the company on behalf of which all calculations will be carried out (if necessary, there may be several companies), as well as the base of clients with whom it will be conducted further work... "Calculation of plastic windows" is able to form orders for the installation of windows from the selected materials, window types and specified sizes. The price can be formed on the basis of data on the price of materials, profitability ratio, installation cost and interest on the loan.

From the order, you can generate and print a quotation for a customer together with an automatically generated contract. Other features include the creation of technological maps, maintaining a report on the consumption of materials for a selected period, and tracking the status of payment for orders and archiving old records. In fact, the program "Calculation of plastic windows" is an interface for managing the database, the engine is the Firebird DBMS, which must be installed on the computer before starting work.

Key features and functions

the ability to draw up orders for plastic windows and print contracts with customers;
calculation and selection of plastic windows based on data on sizes and materials;
tracking the consumption of materials;
generating reports for specified periods;
tracking payment of orders.

Window elements

Despite the variety of windows used in Windows, windows are managed according to the same rules. Almost all windows (except for some query windows) contain required elements designed to manage windows. In fig. 6 shows the elements of the My Computer window.

Rice. 6. Window of the My Computer folder

In the work area folder windows displays the icons of the objects contained in the folder. The content of the program window depends on the purpose of the program. Document windows can be placed in application windows in the work area.

All other window elements - stripes, lines, buttons - are controls.

Title bar

In the middle of the title bar, the title of the window is always displayed, and on the left is ( system menu button or pictogram), and on the right - control buttons. These window elements can be activated with a mouse click, i.e. you need to point to the button and click the left mouse button.

System icon is a reduced window icon. One click on this button calls system menu, a double click- closes the window.

Control buttons include:

When the window is maximized (occupies Full Screen), instead of the expand button, the button appears resize (minimize to window) ... Clicking this button restores the original window size (set before maximization).

Menu bar

The menu bar is located below the window's title bar. Menu items contain commands that allow you to manage content working area of the window . Dialog boxes and document windows do not contain menu bars.

Toolbar

Below the menu bar there may be a Toolbar or an iconic menu - a set of buttons designed to execute various commands for managing the contents of the window (Fig. 7). The toolbar buttons duplicate the commands of the main menu, but their use increases the speed and efficiency of work, because to execute a command, just click on the button, which is much faster than finding the required command in the menu. The toolbar contains command buttons for performing the most common operations, but unlike the menu bar, it is limited in the number of commands. When you point the mouse, the button is highlighted (highlighted). If this does not happen, then the button in this moment unavailable.

An image on each button in toolbars gives you an idea of the button's function and helps you remember them quickly. A hint about any tool in the panel can be obtained by pointing with the mouse over the button. After a short time, a pop-up hint about the purpose of the button will appear.

Rice. 7. Toolbar

Address bar

The address bar contains the path to the current folder, which is convenient for orientation in the file structure. The address bar allows you to quickly jump to other sections of the file structure using the drop-down button - (on the right side of the line).

List of typical tasks

Each Windows folder offers easy access to the most common file and folder management tasks. If you open any folder on your computer, on the left side of the folder window, next to its contents, a list of tasks will appear, providing access to the most common tasks for managing files and folders using hyperlinks.

You can select a file or folder and then select a task and different sections.

In chapter Tasks for files and folders commands for working with files and folders are displayed, allowing you to rename, copy, move, or delete that file or folder. The command set in this section depends on the selection of the object. You can also email the file or publish it on the Internet.
Chapter Other places contains links (addresses) for fast transition to other folders and drives.
Chapter In detail contains information about the current or selected object.
In Windows XP, there are several folders that, in addition to the basic file and folder management tasks available in each folder, contain links to specific tasks.
Folder My drawings contains a section Image Tasks for links to tasks to help you manage your image files.
Folder My music contains a section Tasks for music links to play and search music.
Folder My computer other system folders contain section System tasks which is contextual. By using links to tasks in this folder, you can view information about your computer, change system parameters on the control panel and perform other system control procedures.
Folder Basket contains a section Cart Tasks, with which you can clear its contents and restore deleted files and folders at their original location.

Window border

The thickened border is designed to resize the window using the mouse. The window border is visible if the window is not widened to full screen.

Scroll bars

Status bar

The status drain displays Additional Information about the contents of the window (for example, the number of objects in the folder, their total volume, etc.). The information in the status bar is dynamic, showing information about the objects selected in the folder

Types windows windows

Windows supports 4 types of windows.

Drive and folder windows

These windows display the contents of drives and folders. Any Windows folder can be opened in your window. The folder windows allow you to view the entire file structure of the drives. The name of the folder is indicated in the title bar, the menus and the toolbar are located below.

Program windows (application windows)

These are windows in which Windows programs loaded into RAM (and possibly DOS programs) are running. In the title bar - the name of the program, below - the menu bar, the toolbar (there may be more than one), the ruler. Document windows are opened inside these windows.

Program windows

The structure of program windows is the same for most applications, therefore, after studying one example, you can easily navigate in the window of any program.

Let's consider the components of software windows using the example standard application Windows - a text editor WordPad (Fig. A.6). To open it, run the command Start? All programs? Standard? WordPad.

Rice. A.6. Program window components

Window title- the upper area of the window, which contains the name of the program and its icon. If you open a document in the window of this program, then the name of the open file will be displayed in the header separated by a hyphen to the right of the application name. With the help of the title, you can move the window around the screen: move the mouse pointer over any part of the title, click and hold down the mouse button and move the mouse in the required direction. The window will move after it. This operation is possible only when the program window is not maximized to full screen.

Window control buttons- are located in the right part of the window title and are used to change the window state.

- Minimize

- allows you to minimize the program window to a button on the Taskbar. To return a window to its original state, you need to click its button on the Taskbar.

- Expand

- is responsible for the full-screen display mode of the window. If the application window takes up part of the screen, you can expand it to full screen by clicking this button. You can switch to the full-screen view by double-clicking on the title bar of the program window.

- Minimize to window

- Close

- serves to close the application window. Accordingly, when you press it, the program terminates.

Menu bar- contains menu items in which there are commands responsible for performing various operations with the contents of the window. The menus of different programs differ among themselves, but some menu sections are the same for most applications (File, Edit, View, Help) and contain standard commands. To use a menu command, you need to move the mouse pointer over the name of the menu, click on it with the mouse button, in the list of commands that opens, move to the required one and also click on it with the mouse button.

Workspace- serves to display the contents of the window. When working with documents in various programs, the workspace displays the contents of the file (in our case, the typed text).

The functions of the vertical scroll bar are completely performed by the mouse wheel: by scrolling it, you can move up / down the document.

Status bar- located at the bottom of the window and is designed to display various kinds of service information, the content of which depends on the application in which the user is working.

Window resizing corner- by dragging this corner, you can resize the window horizontally and vertically at the same time.

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Dormers and skylights In fact, our house, from a constructive point of view, has already taken on a completely finished look. However, let's try to add some more elements to it, which, although not required, are often found in various cottages. Let's build one first

From the ArchiCAD book. Let's start! the author Orlov Andrey Alexandrovich

Software requirements The software requirements for the computer when installing the ArchiCAD program on it are as follows :? operating system - Windows XP Pro or Vista Business / Enterprise / Ultimate Edition ;? Java 1.6.0 or later support ;? the player is QuickTime version 7 or later. NOTE B

From the book AS / 400 Basics author Saltis Frank

Program Objects So far, we have only considered system objects and their characteristics. However, MI has other items of data, also called objects, but with very little resemblance to ordinary items, which creates another terminological problem.

From the book Asterisk ™: The Future of Telephony, Second Edition the author Meggelen Jim Wan

Softphones A softphone is an application that provides telephone functionality to a device other than a telephone, such as a PC or personal digital assistant. So what does it look like? At first glance, it would seem a simple question, but

From the UNIX book: Process Communication the author Stevens William Richard

4.3. Pipes Pipes are found in all existing Unix implementations and versions. A pipe is created by calling pipe and allows one-way (one-way) data transfer: #include int pipe (int fd); / * returns 0 on success

From the book TCP / IP Architecture, Protocols, Implementation (including IP version 6 and IP Security) by Faith Sidney M

15.12 RPC and XDR APIs RPC client / server applications are built on top of a library of routines for creating, sending, and receiving RPC messages. Other library programs are used to convert between local data representation for parameters

From the book Programming for Pocket Computers the author Volkov Vladimir Borisovich

Basic software elements. NET Well-Organized Programming Interface Anyone who is often faced with the need to use the Win32 API knows how inconsistent, confusing, and unsystematic this programming interface is. Win32 API programmer

From the book Firebird DATABASE DESIGNER'S GUIDE by Borri Helen

Programming Constructs The following sections discuss the programming constructs recognized by PSQL. BEGIN ... END Blocks PSQL is a structured language. After variable declarations, procedural statements are enclosed in statement brackets BEGIN and END. During

From the book Operating room UNIX system the author Robachevsky Andrey M.

Programming Interfaces Socket Programming Interface You have already learned about the socket interface when discussing the implementation of interprocess communication in BSD UNIX. Since networking was first developed specifically for BSD UNIX, the socket interface remains today

From the UNIX book: Developing Networked Applications the author Stevens William Richard

Chapter 26 Programming Threads 26.1. Introduction According to the traditional Unix model, when a process needs some action to be performed by some other object, it spawns a child process using the fork function, and that spawned process does the necessary

From the book The End of Holivar. Pascal vs C author Krivtsov M.A.

From the book Description of the PascalABC.NET language the author RuBoard team

2. Software constructions 2.1. Branching (selection)

From the author's book

Software modules The task book includes the following software modules: PT4Demo - allows you to view in demo mode all tasks included in the book; PT4Load - provides the generation of a template program for the required educational task and its

Program windows (application windows). Programs for calculating windows Program windows

Program

User interface

Actions with the mouse

File

File system

Device icons

File icons

Folder icons

Label icons

Clipboard

Window

Program windows

Dialog boxes

Context menu

WH-Windows program

The main aspects of the WH window program

Key features and functions

Password recovery