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Graphics package options that allow you to modify the created object. Graphic programs for a computer: what and for what to use? Digital Image Rendering

Adobe Photoshop - the world's most popular graphics package, which has long become the standard when working with raster graphics. In Russia, it is used not only by the majority of professionals, but also by a considerable number of amateurs, which was facilitated, on the one hand, by a high level of piracy, and, on the other hand, by an almost complete lack of popular information about possible alternatives.

There is no doubt that Photoshop is indeed the most versatile graphic editor in its group and its wide capabilities have not yet been surpassed by any other graphic application. However, Photoshop is designed for professional designers and takes a lot of time to master - amateurs often cannot afford it, and simply do not need it. Many operations in this application are by no means trivial and require some knowledge, while alternative packages may provide simple solutions that are available even to beginners. And the too high cost of Photoshop also serves as a serious obstacle, because only reputable professional studios can afford it. Therefore, sooner or later, a large part of Russian home users (who actually do not need so much powerful program), and some of the professional designers will have to switch to alternative packages that are not so multifunctional (although there are solutions that are quite close in their capabilities among them), but not so expensive. Let's try to assess which of the others graphics applications can be considered as a cheap alternative to Photoshop.

Variety of graphics packages

The list of graphics products on the market positioned as solutions for working with raster graphics (in some of them, including Photoshop, some functions are also implemented to support vector graphics), in addition to Adobe Photoshop, there are a lot of various applications that differ in the supported platform and the range of capabilities provided. Among them there are solutions that are focused on a single platform or are cross-platform, included in other packages (mostly office) or presented stand-alone. There is also a huge gradation of prices. The most expensive solution is Photogenics at $ 699 (for comparison, Adobe Photoshop is $ 649), and the cheapest ($ 20) is Brush Strokes Image Editor. If desired, you can find and generally free solutionssuch as, for example, GIMP. If we discard those that do not work under Windows graphic packages positioned as solutions for artists (which means that they are focused on creating images from scratch, and not on processing them like Adobe Photoshop), as well as those that cannot be purchased offline and rank the remaining at a price, you get the picture presented in Table ... one .

It can be seen that even if we set the bar at $ 100 (as the real price for many users), the list is still theoretically possible solutions will turn out to be considerable. Therefore, we will try to rank the packages and immediately discard the insufficiently functional ones, based on the lack of some basic capabilities in them: support for basic color models, the availability of tools for working with selected areas and performing color correction, support for layers (saved in psd format), automation capabilities, and the breadth of the available graphic formats (Table 2). The number of possible applicants will decrease to five - they are marked in color in the table.

It is worth noting that out of the remaining five, in reality, only two solutions - Corel Paint Shop Pro and Ulead PhotoImpact - can somehow compete with Adobe Photoshop in terms of functionality and be considered as its cheap alternative (for professional designers). The rest are an order of magnitude or more inferior to the leaders (and it makes no sense to compare them with the leading packages), but these solutions may well turn out to be interesting for home users, so we will also include them in the review.

Corel Paint Shop Pro 10.03

Developer: Corel Corporation (formerly Jasc Software, Inc.)

Paint Shop Pro, which works with both vector and bitmap graphics, offers almost all the same features as in the more famous and almost ten times more expensive Photoshop. But this is not the only plus. The application has much more modest system requirements and is more convenient to use: many non-trivial operations (using filters and applying effects, adjusting and color correction of photographs, etc.) are performed with one click; frequently repeated actions are very easy to automate (templates, scripts and batch image processing); support for the technology of individual customization of the user interface (Dynamic Personalization) provides convenient customization of the program in accordance with the solution specific tasks or personal preference. And in mastering it turns out to be an order of magnitude easier, not only because of more simple interfacebut also thanks to a well-designed built-in learning system: extensive help, a series of lessons, the Learning Center module and an educational film from Lynda.com.

Paint Shop Pro allows you to create stylish creative projects by painting from scratch, manipulating photographs and creating graphics for printing, presentations, the web, and more. The package supports layers, masks and alpha channels and comes with fairly large sets of gradients, masks, patterns for fills, textures, frames, tubes, shapes and brushes, the number of which is easy to increase by downloading your favorite add-ons from the Internet. The variety of selection methods available in Paint Shop Pro provides not only simple copying and cutting of areas, but also quick background removal, as well as automatic selection of similar pixels. Support for vector graphics will allow you to embed a variety of vector shapes (based on the templates available in the system or loaded), arbitrary vector curves and text into the image. Moreover, the created text can be placed along any curve, decorated with brushes and tubes, gradient and texture fills, use various edging options, achieve unique effects thanks to masks, etc.

Built-in tools for automatic correction and red-eye removal will help improve low-quality images, and advanced color correction, distortion correction, image straightening and perspective correction will eliminate almost any defects in low-quality photos and even restore old images or vice versa - make modern ones old. The One Step Noise Removal and One Step Purple Fringe Removal filters can quickly remove noise and purple outlines, while Smart Photo Fix provides optimal correction results by combining automatic correction with manual precision. With the help of cloning tools, it is easy to retouch photos, eliminating image defects such as small scratches, dust marks, scan lines, etc. Using the naturalistic Art Media Tools, you can turn ordinary photographs into real masterpieces of fine art, reminiscent of paintings painted in oils, chalk, pastels, etc. Choose from a variety of framing options to add sophistication and expression to your shots, while an impressive array of built-in effects and filters make them even more artistic.

Web designers will be pleased with such specialized features as image optimization, creating textures and buttons (including interactive ones), slicing pictures, developing rollover elements, creating hyperlink maps and gif-animations.

Ulead PhotoImpact 11

Developer: Ulead Systems, Inc.

The professional solution for working with raster and vector graphics - the PhotoImpact package - contains the necessary minimum of what may be required for processing digital photos and creating web graphics. Moreover, many repeated operations in it can be automated using macros and support for batch mode of their execution. Compared to the Photoshop program, this graphics editor is compact, less demanding on system resources and much easier to learn. In terms of its capabilities, it is close to the Paint Shop Pro package, and it is very difficult to say which one is better. However, for beginners, it is most likely better to start with PhotoImpact - it makes it faster and easier to get effective results from the very first steps by installing a simpler and designed especially for beginners interface, quick access to key program functions directly from the start page, a convenient filter browser and effects, etc.

The package supports layers and comes with a huge database of templates, brushes, textures, fills, photo objects - for creating collages and three-dimensional styles ("gel", "glass", "plastic", etc.). It offers users a variety of brushes (including art - to simulate drawing techniques with chalk, charcoal, pencil, etc.), an extensive set of ready-made shapes and convenient tools for hand-drawing and editing nodes when working with paths. Classic tools for working with selected areas are supplemented with a number of unique ones - for example, the Object Extraction Wizard will allow you to quickly clear objects from the background, and the SmartRemove Scene Compositor tool will help you quickly cut out the desired fragments from several images and create one new one based on them. Rich set of possibilities for processing text objects allows you to easily deform text, rotate it and snap to guides freeform... A huge set of filters and special effects for graphic images and text objects with the possibility of its extension due to plug-in Photoshop plug-ins will provide fast obtaining the desired results. You can, for example, create stunning gif-animations with the effects of image disintegration, filling with bubbles, rain, clouds, etc., or create images in various styles (abstract, classic, modern, etc.) by applying a suitable artistic effect to them ... It is very easy to create 3D compositions in PhotoImpact: you just need to define colors, textures, gradients, bevels, transparency of objects, etc.

In terms of web graphics, the program allows you to create pop-up menus, rollover elements, slices, image maps and gif animations, and you can save web elements not only in the standard gif, jpg or png compression formats, but also in the so far little used, but perspective SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) format. Cascading style sheets support advanced web page markup, and the Link Object module allows you to connect video, sound, Flash, Java applets, and more.

PhotoImpact provides an easy way to take photos with digital cameras, photo album management, automatic quality improvement and batch processing images. Its handy photo retouching tools will help you effortlessly get rid of unwanted image fragments, while automatic and manual correction methods will allow you to achieve professional quality: eliminate spherical and keystone distortions introduced by the camera lens, improve the quality of the color gamut, simulate the technique of photographing moving objects, etc. .d.

GIMP 2.2.12 and GIMPshop 2.2.8

Developer: The GIMP Team

Having gained considerable popularity among amateurs (thanks to the fact that it is available for free), the GIMP graphics editor (as well as its modification of GIMPshop with an interface that mimics the Photoshop interface) may well be considered as a possible alternative to Photoshop, although it is certainly far from PhotoImpact and Paint Shop Pro. It works with both raster and vector graphics and at the amateur level can be used to create simple images (emblems, logos, etc.), animations, as well as for processing photographs.

The GIMP library includes 48 standard brushes and a classic set of highly customizable drawing tools in the form of a brush, pencil and airbrush. The program can use different color models (RGB, CMYK, etc., although to support the CMYK model, you need to install the optional Separate module) and supports many formats, which makes it possible to prepare images both for display on the screen and for printing. To work with selected areas, tools for rectangular and oval selection are offered, magic wand and lasso. Support for layers with selectable mode, transparency and hiding allows you to create layered images, including transparent and semi-transparent. Channel support provides the ability to add color effects to images. You can work with paths represented by Bezier curves - paths can be named and saved, and brushes, textures and different border options can be used to decorate them. If desired, outlines for areas with the same fill can be created automatically using the iScissors tool. The package provides for standard work with text and you can use effects and filters, which are about 150 in the standard delivery.

In terms of working with photos, the capabilities of GIMP are somewhat modest (if we are equal to the professional products discussed above), but in theory it can suit many home users. The list of supported functions includes resizing and cropping photos, toning, combining images through layers, removing unnecessary image details with a stamp and converting from one format to another. The package also provides standard corrective operations such as adjusting levels, curves, hue / saturation, color balance; there are automatic modesallowing you to enhance images with one click. But all this is not implemented as conveniently as in professional solutions, and not only from the perspective of professionals, but also of beginners. For example, it is possible to carry out color correction of images using PhotoImpact and Paint Shop Pro much faster, and no knowledge is required, since there are high-quality options for quick correction. In GIMP, the same actions will require more time, certain knowledge about the features of the correction, and often download and installation additional modules (UFRaw - for adjusting the white balance, adjusting the exposure with curves, adjusting brightness, contrast and saturation, Redeye - removing red-eye, etc.).

It should be noted that to install the GIMP package on Windows, you will need the GTK + library, and users who are accustomed to Photoshop may not like the completely different principle of the interface organization - different menu design, different hotkeys, the initial absence of the main window (instead of it - a miniature set of buttons ). However, for some home users, the freeness of this application may well outweigh the individual inconveniences of its installation, configuration and use, since the possibilities of GIMP are really quite wide.

Pixel Image Editor 1.0

Developer: Pavel Kanzelsberger

Pixel Image Editor (formerly known as Pixel32) is a very attractive package for home users (both in price and in features) a graphics editor similar to Photoshop. It is compact and fast, supports Russian and runs under different operating systems, which makes it easy to convert images between platforms. The application supports TWAIN devices (scanners and digital cameras), Tablet PC and graphic tablets, the viewing of images is conveniently organized, as well as their quick search.

Pixel Image Editor supports Grayscale, RGB, CMYK, CIE Lab and HDR color models and all major image formats including png and psd. It provides for the use of layers with support for layer effects, adjusting their transparency and the ability to save layer settings as styles, it is possible to work with color channels and create masks. Users are provided with a set of customizable brushes, standard tools for painting (brush, pencil and airbrush) and work with selected areas (rectangular and oval selection, lasso, magic wand) and with paths (pen).

Using the package, you can optimize images in gif, png, jpeg and wbmp formats, cut them into slices, create link maps and animations for web pages in animated gif format and directly edit the generated program code at the html level. As for specialized photo processing, it is limited to carrying out color correction at the level of histograms, using special retouching tools to remove details that spoil them, and applying filters. Therefore, for photographers who need versatile image correction, Pixel Image Editor will not seem very convenient. However, it is quite suitable for amateur photographers who can use the package to create amateur collages - it is easy to cut out the desired fragments from different photos and combine them into one image thanks to layers and create complex options for framing pictures using masks. But most importantly, the package will really appeal to those who like to develop the design of web pages with their own hands, as it has impressive functionality in terms of developing web graphics.

PixBuilder Studio 1.31

Developer: WnSoft Graphic Software

PixBuilder Photo Editor is a compact and easy-to-use (Photoshop-like) graphics editor that supports major graphic formats. The package is inexpensive, supports Russian and has professional tools for working with selected areas and for color correction of photos. At the same time, PixBuilder is extremely simple, so you can figure it out in just 15 minutes. This makes PixBuilder Photo Editor quite interesting for amateur photographers, and just home users who want to improve the quality of pictures and experiment with creating a collage or make a photo montage.

PixBuilder Photo Editor supports layers (adjusting transparency, adding a drop shadow and grouping), allows you to work with color channels, use masks and apply gradient fills. It has basic drawing functions - you can draw with a pencil or brush, or create geometric objects from shapes. Rectangular and oval selection, magic wand, magnetic and polygonal lasso are provided to form selected areas. Text is created on a separate text layer and can be textured.

The program has standard image transformation operations: resizing, cropping and free rotation. But the most important plus is the wide possibilities of image correction, for which a full set of professional color management functions is offered: adjusting color balance, changing brightness, contrast and saturation, editing levels and curves. Most of the color correction functions are configured for manual control - the program can automatically adjust only levels and contrast. To retouch images and remove unnecessary details from them, there are tools "stamp" and "healing brush", and "free transformation" and "transformation of the selected area" will allow you to correct the wrong perspective. The included effects will help you adjust the sharpness or, conversely, blur parts of the image, and support for masks will complement the pictures with spectacular borders and frames.

2.2 Classification of application packages

Application packages (PPP) are the most dynamically developing part of the IP and IU market. software... Improving PPP promotes the introduction of computers in all areas of activity. PPP development and hardware goes hand in hand - the emergence of powerful functionality computers contributes to the creation of improved RFP, and vice versa, requirements for improving RFP stimulate the development of the hardware base.

The structure and principles of constructing the PPP are determined by the type of computer and operating system... IN currently among users, the most common PPP for IBM PC compatible computers with MS DOS and Windows. In general, the classification of RFP is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure: 2.2 RFP classification

Problem-oriented RFP is the most developed and most numerous part of RFP in terms of the number of packages. Let's take a closer look at some of the products.

Features of the construction and scope of the PPP.

Word processors (TP) - designed to work with documents (texts). They allow to compose, format, edit texts, have functions for working with blocks of text, objects. Examples of TP for PC are MS Word, Lexicon, Chiwriter, etc. Working with text data will be discussed in a separate section.

Desktop publishing systems (NIS) - professional publishing programs that enable electronic layout of the main types of documents. NIS funds allow:

Þ typeset text using master pages, create columns of text, work with long documents as a whole;

Þ carry out printing design by adjusting the baseline, text rotations, etc.;

Þ import a variety of data and collect text;

Þ handle graphic images, from import to editing graphic objects, support printing color models like CMYK;

Þ ensure the output of documents of printing quality, implementing the functions of color separation, converting additional colors to CMYK, overprinting, printing negatives;

Þ work in networks on different platforms.

The best NIS PC programs are Corel Ventura, PageMaker, QuarkXPress. The last two packages are based on the Windows standard.

Graphic editor - packages intended for processing graphic information... Divided into RFP processing raster and vector graphics.

Raster graphics application packages are designed to work with photographic images. They include tools for encoding images into digital form, processing and editing images (saturation, contrast, color gamut). There are tools for converting to images with different degrees of resolution and different data formats -BMP, GIF, PCX etc., as well as a means of outputting finished images in the form of hard copies. The leader among raster packages isAdobe Photoshop ... Among others, it should be mentionedAldus Photostyler, Picture Publisher, Photo Works Plus ... All programs are designed to work in the environmentWindows.

RFP vector graphics - professional packages for work related to artistic and technical illustration, design and occupy an intermediate position between CAD and NIS. They include:

· tools for creating graphic illustrations - arcs, circles, ellipses, polylines and polygons, etc .;

· tools for splitting and combining objects, copying, shading, perspective;

· text processing tools - various fonts, alignment, paragraphs, etc .;

· tools for import and export of graphic objects of different graphic formats -BMP, CDR, PCX, WMF, etc .;

· means of printing in polygraphic performance of the screen image;

· sophisticated color adjustments - grayscale instead of colors, sublayer color substitution, print dot size compensation, etc.

The standard is the packageCoreldraw . Among others, one can distinguishAdobe Illustrator , Aldus Freehand , Professional Draw .

Spreadsheets (table processors) - software packages designed to process tabularly organized data. The most common and popular at presentExcel , Quattro Pro , Supercalc ... The use of spreadsheets is discussed in a separate section.

Work organizers - PPP, designed to automate the procedures for planning the use of resources (time, money, materials) and have two types: 1) project management and 2) organization of the activities of an individual.

First type packages intended for network planning and project management. The tools of these packages allow:

· manipulate data at the level of graphic objects;

· manage multiple tasks (\u003e 1000) and resources within one project;

· plan to the minute;

· use individual resource graphs;

· use proactive tasks with a fixed duration and delay;

· work with a changing amount of personnel load and resource cost;

· use a library of typical solutions;

· generate reports with graphs and instructions;

· export and import into spreadsheets

The first type of packages includes: MS Project, Time Line, CA-Superproject.

Packages of the second type represent an electronic assistant to a business person. At their core, they function as electronic secretaries and are designed to manage business contacts. The main functions are as follows:

* formation of a schedule of business activity with automatic control over its implementation;

* maintaining an electronic card index;

* storage of an arbitrary amount of data in a large number of databases;

* the presence of a full-featured word processor, which includes all the necessary tools for creating business documents;

* generation of standard documents from the database;

* ensuring data security and confidentiality;

* work with a telephone line (autodial, autodial, etc.);

* work with E-mail and Fax.

The most famous packages are Lotus Organizer , Microsoft Shedule and ACTI .

Database management systems (DBMS) are designed to create, store and maintain databases. A great variety of DBMSs have been developed for various classes of computers and operating systems. They differ in the way data is organized, data format, query language. The most popular are relational DBMS for IBM PC compatible PCs: dBase, Parаdox, MS Access, FoxPro ... Products for servers and networks are popular Oracle ... The use of databases is discussed in a separate section.

Demo Graphics Packages - constructors of graphic images of business information, i.e. means of creating a kind of video show, which make it possible to present the results of an analytical study in a visual and dynamic form.

Work with the package is based on the following plan:

· development of a presentation plan;

· selection of a template for design elements;

· formation and import of texts, graphs, tables, diagrams, sound effects;

Accordingly, the package includes:

1) a planner that allows you to draw up a plan and format it for printing;

2) templates for creating slides, filling them with text and graphic objects;

3) means for output to a printer, printing on transparencies for transparencies;

4) controls for speed, slide order, import of charts and data for charts from spreadsheet processors, databases.

Among the packages of this type, one should highlight MS PowerPoint, Harvard Graphics, WordPerfect presentations etc.

Multimedia packages - means of processing audio and video information. Their use requires additional hardware - audio and video cards, speakers, CD-ROMs, etc.

The essence of multimedia packages can be described as the conversion of various types of analog information into digital. Multimedia is computationally intensive.

Multimedia programs can be divided into two large groups. The firstincludes packages for education and leisure. They are supplied mainly on CD-ROMs of 500 - 700 MB.

The second the group includes the means of preparing video materials, demo discs, poster materials, animation. This group includes various tools.

The second group includes Director for Windows, Multimedia ViewKit, Nec MultiSpin.

Design automation systems are intended for the automation of design work in mechanical engineering, construction, etc. They include large set toolsallowing to implement the following main functions:

· scaling objects;

· grouping, stretching, turning, cutting, resizing;

· work with layers;

· redrawing (background, manual, interrupted);

· file management in part of the library catalog and drawing catalogs;

· the use of a large variety of drawing tools; using a library of symbols, making inscriptions;

· automation of procedures using the built-in macro language;

· Work with color;

· teamwork on the network;

· export-import of files of various formats.

The standard among packages of this class is AutoCAD by Autodesk. Note also the programs DesignCAD, Drawbase, Microstation, TurboCAD, TopoMaster (for drawing topographic images) .

Character recognition programs are designed to translate graphic images of text (letters and numbers) into ASCII character codes. The main products of this type are supplied together with scanners... In programs of this type, they try to implement the following features:

* setting for different font sizes;

* stable character recognition when tilted;

* multiple fragmentation - recognition of multi-column texts, multiple fonts at the same time;

* separation of text from graphics;

* input of multipage documents;

* setting for the type of font (printing, typing, etc.);

* selection of brightness;

* import of graphic images of different formats;

* built-in dictionaries to check spelling;

* automatic translation text of the document as you type.

Packages of this type include FineReader, CunieForm, Tiger tm, OmniPage.

Financial programs designed for personal finance, automation of accounting of firms and enterprises, analysis of investment projects, economic justification of financial transactions, etc. Gained particular popularity personal money planning programs, eg, MS Money, MoneyCounts, MECA Software. Such programs provide a means of maintaining business records in the form of a notebook and calculating financial transactions.

The range of specialized accounting programs is unusually large. Among the most popular domestic developments are Turbo accountant,! С: Accounting.

Analytical RFP - statistical calculation programs. Significantly overlap in statistical analysis capabilities Spreadsheets. This type of package includes popular foreign programs StatGraphics, SPSS, Statistika. Application and analytical capabilities of statistical packages are discussed in a separate section.

Integrated application packages

The most powerful and fastest growing piece of software. Within the framework of this software, two most significant groups can be distinguished: 1) fully bundled packages and2) object-linked packages.

Fully linked packages - are a multifunctional stand-alone package in which the functions and capabilities of specialized (problem-oriented) packages, related in data processing technology, are combined into one whole... In fact, such programs integrate the functions of a text editor, a DBMS and a spreadsheet processor. Packages provide communication between data, but at the expense of narrowing the capabilities of each component individually. Representatives of this class of packages are: for MS DOS OS - FrameWork, Symphony, for Windows - Microsoft Works, Lotus Works.

Object-linked integrated packages Is the latest in software technology. The approach to software integration is to combine specialized packages within a single resource base and ensure the interaction of applications, i.e. package programs, at the level of objects and a single simplified center - switch between applications.

The most powerful packages of this type are: Microsoft Office, Lotus SmartSute, Borland Office. IN professional version packages there are four applications: text editor, DBMS, table processor, demo graphics package. IN custom version There is no DBMS. In object oriented packages integration effect is not reduced to the simple sum of the constituent components - additional features are obtained due to the interaction of the package components in the process of work. In fully linked packages, the benefits of integration are often negated by the lack of a particular feature available in a specialized package.

An object-linked approach to integration involves giving the components a uniform, consistent interface: icons and menus, dialog boxes, a macro language, etc. The main feature is the use of shared resources. Stands out four main types sharing resources:

1. use of common utilities for all programs in the complex (for example, the spell checker);

2. the use of objects that may be in the joint use of the programs of the complex;

3. easy transition or launch of one application from another;

4. a single macro language as a means of automating work with applications, which allows organizing complex information processing, since programming is carried out in a single macro definition language.

Sharing objects - Foundation stone modern technology integration. On this moment exists two standards :

· Object Linking and Embedding OLE2.0 dynamic linking and embedding of Microsoft objects.

· OpenDoc (open document) firms Apple, Borland, IBM, Novell.

OLE2.0 makes it possible to place information created by one application program into another - while it is possible to edit information in a new document using the means of the product with which the object was previously created.

OLE2.0 allows you to transfer objects from the window of one application program to the window of another.

OLE2.0 provides the ability general use functional resources of programs: for example, the ET charting module can be used in a text editor.

The main disadvantage of OLE2.0 is the limitation on the size of an object to one page.

OpenDoc is an object-oriented system that uses the Distributed System Object Model (DSOM) as an object model, developed by IBM for OS / 2. Compatibility is assumed between OLE and OpenDoc.

Basic types of graphic files From the very first day of my publications, letters came to the CG with questions, one way or another related to the properties of different graphic formats. Over time, it became clear that it was necessary to write an article on this topic. But, as they say, hands did not reach. And only now we managed to make material on this topic.

You will notice that this article is somewhat related to PhotoShop. The reason for this is clear - this package, to one degree or another, is successfully used by almost everyone who is somehow connected with graphics.
The series about Photo-Paint 10 will continue without any changes. It seems to me that this article will be useful for all young graphic users, regardless of their preferred program.
Currently, there are a huge number of different graphic formats. The reason for this lies in the early 90s, when the position of the unambiguous leadership of several packages did not exist in the market of computer graphics programs.
In those already very distant years, almost every development company created its own format.
Now the situation has changed a lot. It is hardly possible to name a dozen of formats that are really used everywhere. But the representatives of this small group are the best of their kind, are the standards.
So what's the difference between the various raster image file formats? First of all, by the purpose, and only then other properties follow from this. Conventionally, all types can be divided into two large groups by purpose:
1. For displaying on a monitor screen (most often using the Internet).
2. For subsequent printing.
In addition to directly graphic information, that is, information about pixels, some graphic files can store much more. These are additional channels, comments, vector elements, and so on. Of course, storing information other than graphical information makes the file sizes slightly larger.
PhotoShop 6.0 and Photo-Paint 10 support the vast majority of modern bitmap graphics formats. And this is not surprising - users often have to use a variety of sources as resources. Therefore, knowledge of the formats supported by the studied program is an integral part of effective work in it.
It is also worth remembering that each type of file has its own inherent advantages, otherwise it would not withstand competition and selection. Therefore, knowledge of these properties can greatly facilitate the work, since in certain circumstances narrowly defined properties may be required that only one format can give.
In this section, we will pay a little more attention to some formats and a little less to others. The reason for this is simple and trivial - frequency of use and usefulness.

PSD (Photoshop document)
PhotoShop's own format. The main advantage is that it allows you to save absolutely everything that can be created in this program: layers, additional channels, comments, paths, and so on. Of course, this is very useful property - often work on one image is carried out over several days, and if it were not for such opportunities in the PSD format, a number of problems would arise.
ATTENTION
With each new version of PhotoShop, the PSD format also changes. Therefore, if you want to make your image in this format available to earlier versions, then do the following: Edit (Preferences-\u003e Saving files-\u003e Maximize backwards compatibility in Photoshop format (Edit-\u003e Preferences-\u003e Maximum compatibility PhotoShop format).
Currently, this file format is supported by almost all more or less decent bitmap editing programs, so saving images in this format makes them available to other programs.
PSD uses the RLE compression standard, which makes it slightly smaller without losing quality.
NOTE
RLE (Run Length Encoding) is one of the methods for compressing graphic files. Based on finding matches in image strings. That is, if you have 40 black pixels in a row, then they will be recorded not as black, black, black ..., but 40 black. This method is far from always effective, but only in the case of sufficient repeatability, that is, one-color image areas. However, using RLE does not degrade the quality of the image itself, unlike JPEG.
Thus, PSD is an ideal format for intermediate and subsequent high-quality storage of images.

BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap)
Windows native format. It was developed at one time especially for it by programmers from Microsoft. Supports indexed (256 colors) and RGB color. This format understand absolutely all graphics and not only editors working under Windows. This is where the few advantages of BMP end, and the many disadvantages begin:
1. BMP is absolutely not suitable for the Internet.
2. BMP is an extremely unfortunate choice for subsequent printing.
3. BMP is a hardware dependent format.
4. It uses RLE compression incorrectly.
5. This format takes up an unreasonable amount of space.
Thus, we can draw a quite definite conclusion - using BMP will be a mistake in almost any case, except for further use in programs that do not understand any other formats.

GIF (CompuServe Graphics Interchange Format)
One of the most famous file formats, today it is mainly used for the needs of the Internet.
This format, as the name implies, was developed by CompuServe for faster transmission of images over their networks of the same name in 1987.
It was originally a format that supports 256 indexed colors and nothing else. But soon one programmer discovered the unused GIF feature - to write several pictures into one file and play them with a certain interruption.
This, and also the support for transparency, became the basis for the format update that took place in 1989, and hence the name of the currently used GIF - Gif89a.
As you can read above, GIF supports transparency, and you can assign multiple colors to transparent. This is very easy to implement - due to the additional alpha channel saved in the file.
Gif uses LZW compression, which, in combination with indexed colors, makes this format almost ideal for storing and transferring low-color images with no complex color transitions, for example, logos.
NOTE
LZW compression is another type of image compression, ideologically close to RLE. So-called phrases (repeating combinations of different colors) are searched, and they are written as keys. In the future, already created keys are used throughout the image. As you can see, this method is much more advanced than RLE for areas with color transitions, but encoding into it requires more system resources.
Also another advantage of GIF is the ability to use Interlaced layout.
NOTE
Interlaced - Interlaced recording and reading of an image. As a result, the file is first loaded through a line, that is, in a lower resolution, and then the rest of the lines are also loaded. The main application is the Internet, since it becomes possible to evaluate the contents of an image even before it is fully loaded, and therefore, save time.
All these conditions, namely animation, transparency, interlacing, made GIF one of the formats used on the worldwide web. But, we repeat, its main drawback is displaying only 256 colors.

EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
One of the best formats for storing information for later printing. Uses a lightweight version of PostScript, namely storing only one page.
NOTE
PostScript is one of the most important concepts in modern computer graphics. It is a page description language for PostScript printers that most modern professional devices belong to. It was developed by Adobe, realizing the most important principle of WYSIWYG (What You See is What You Get), that is, "what I see is what I have." PostScript files contain graphics, fonts, channel information, and more. This format can store information about absolutely any color models, including Duotone. Usually this format is used in the event that information will later be printed on a PostScript printer.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
Despite the fact that we consider Jpeg as a graphic format, in fact, it is primarily a compression principle, one of the most widespread at present.
Jpeg is implemented as follows. To simplify a little, then first the image is divided into blocks of 8 * 8 pixels. Then two types of information are recorded - averaged information about the block and information about its details. And then, depending on the selected compression ratio, this or that amount of additional information is thrown out. It is clear that the smaller the file is, the worse its quality will be.
ATTENTION
JPEG is far from the best format for storing your artwork for further editing. Each time you open and close the file, it is overwritten again, and therefore, the quality drops even more. After a while, the image may become completely unusable. The JPEG method is much more efficient than LZW or RLE. Compression can be achieved by a factor of 100, but this happens with a significant deterioration in quality, and LZW and RLE do not change the image, but compress based on repetitions of the existing one.
JPEG is best used for photographs, pictures and other things where you can tolerate blurry edges and the presence of a small "swamp". However, for storing, for example, graphs, it is better to give preference to other formats, such as PSD or Tiff. The big disadvantage of JPEG is the lack of the ability to store indexed colors. You can save in CMYK, but many programs have problems reading such files.
Currently, JPEG is the main format for transferring images in The world wide web... The reason for this is clear - no other format can provide such quality, and therefore the speed of downloading files.
In PhotoShop, when saving in this format, you can choose one of three JPEG options:
1. Standard. The usual JPEG described above.
2. Baseline. Improved format. Files take up less space with the same quality, but there are programs that do not display such Jpeg correctly. Mainly used for the Internet.
3. Progressive. In addition to the advantages of Baseline, Interlaced has been added. An indispensable property for using files on the Internet.

PDF (Portable Document Format)
PDF is a format designed for fast transmission over information networks different types, mostly typeset documents. Today, PDFs can include graphics, text, hyperlinks, sound, video, and more.
All data in PDF can be subjected to compression, and, what is most interesting, data of different types are compressed by different methods that are most effective in relation to them.
PhotoShop 6.0 can save both single-page and multi-page PDF documents... Considering the fact that today this format is more and more widely used on the Internet, it should be given increased attention.

PCX
One of those formats that are not bad in themselves, but are supplanted by others. PCX is a format that exists only on PC (Personal Computer) compatible computers. It can support Bitmap, Grayscale, Indexed color, RGB color models. As you can see from this list, PCX does not support CMYK, which is not very good today.
Also, this format does not know how to store additional channels in itself.
PCX can use RLE compression, which makes it somewhat more attractive to users.
The conclusion is that it is better not to use this format. It will perfectly replace the much more common and reliable Tiff.

Pict file (Macintosh QuickDraw Picture Format)
A format used primarily by MacOs on Macintosh computers. Supported by all programs on these computers and even serves as a clipboard standard. When saving in this format, you can use color modes Bitmap, Grayscale, Indexed colors, RGB, CMYK. When saving in RGB, you can save one more alpha channel, and in other modes - several.
In addition, Pict is capable of storing vector information and even text and (!) Sound, albeit correctly only on Macintosh.
This format has quite good capabilities for compression provided there are large areas of the same color (RLE).

Pixar
A format specially used for exchange with Pixar graphic stations (professional hi-end workstations). Pixar machines are mainly used for 3D graphics and video processing. It is highly doubtful that it will be useful to anyone here.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
The third whale (the first two are JPEG and GIF), which keeps the graphics on the Internet. The most promising format for the development of the worldwide network.
PNG is a young format specifically designed as a replacement for the now outdated Gif.
PNG, unlike Gif, uses any number of colors, even 48-bit color. Compression is similar to LZW, but slightly more advanced, which gives good results. PNG has the ability to load with interlaced scanning, and double - horizontally and vertically at the same time.
PNG also supports transparency. And not even just transparency, but to varying degrees, that is, translucent (1-99%) pixels can be preserved. This, of course, expands the possibilities of web design and makes this format very attractive.
Built-in gamma correction allows colors to be displayed correctly on all computers, regardless of platform.
Thus, PNG format deserves attention, first of all, of people whose work is aimed at further use in the World Wide Web. By the way, it seems to me that webmasters use PNG undeservedly little. You don't see him very often, despite the wide possibilities. Perhaps the reason for this situation is the traditionalism of the old masters and learning from their experience and new books. Even in the best design publications on the web, PNGs are somehow undeservedly little described.

RAW
The most flexible format for exchanging images between computers of different platforms. You can save images in any color model, including Lab and multichannel, alpha channels.
Working with this format is quite complicated, and therefore, if there is no urgent need, it is better not to use it at all.

Tiff (Tagged Image File Format)
The most widespread raster graphic format in publishing today. Its main advantages:
1. Tiff is hardware independent. Many therefore specifically use it to transfer images from PC to Macintosh and vice versa.
2. Tiff is a very reliable format. Almost all programs understand it without any problems.
3. This format supports all color models, including CMYK and PANTONE.
4. Tiff can carry additional information, for example, about contours or alpha channels.
5. Tiff can use LZW compression, which makes it suitable for file storage. As you know, LZW compression does not change image quality.
So Tiff the best choice for those whose work is intended for printing in the future.

In this article, I have not touched on vector formats, since I think that it is not worthwhile to herd sheep and chickens into one flock. If readers want to learn more about vectors, then I will write such an article. Although I'm not sure that someone will need it - vector graphics pose much less questions than raster graphics. Perhaps due to a narrower scope.
In the next article we will return to the series on effects in Photo-Paint 10. If you have any questions or suggestions, then, as one literary hero said, write letters.

Galina Korabelnikova

ATTENTION! With each new version of PhotoShop, the PSD format also changes. Therefore, if you want to make your image in this format available to earlier versions, then do the following: Edit (Preferences-\u003e Saving files-\u003e Maximize backwards compatibility in Photoshop format (Edit-\u003e Preferences-\u003e Maximum compatibility PhotoShop format).

Currently, this file format is supported by almost all more or less decent bitmap editing programs, so saving images in this format makes them available to other programs.
PSD uses the RLE compression standard, which makes it slightly smaller without losing quality.

NOTE! RLE (Run Length Encoding) is one of the methods for compressing graphic files. Based on finding matches in image strings. That is, if you have 40 black pixels in a row, then they will be recorded not as black, black, black ..., but 40 black. This method is far from always effective, but only in the case of sufficient repeatability, that is, one-color image areas. However, using RLE does not degrade the quality of the image itself, unlike JPEG.
Thus, PSD is an ideal format for intermediate and subsequent high-quality storage of images.

GIF (CompuServe Graphics Interchange Format)
One of the most famous file formats, today it is mainly used for the needs of the Internet.
This format, as the name implies, was developed by CompuServe for faster transmission of images over their networks of the same name in 1987.
It was originally a format that supports 256 indexed colors and nothing else. But soon one programmer discovered the unused GIF feature - to write several pictures into one file and play them with a certain interruption.
This, and also the support for transparency, became the basis for the format update that took place in 1989, and hence the name of the currently used GIF - Gif89a.
As you can read above, GIF supports transparency, and you can assign multiple colors to transparent. This is very easy to implement - due to the additional alpha channel saved in the file.
Gif uses LZW compression, which, in combination with indexed colors, makes this format almost ideal for storing and transferring low-color images with no complex color transitions, for example, logos.

NOTE! LZW compression is another type of image compression, ideologically close to RLE. So-called phrases (repeating combinations of different colors) are searched, and they are written as keys. In the future, already created keys are used throughout the image. As you can see, this method is much more advanced than RLE for areas with color transitions, but encoding into it requires more system resources.
Also another advantage of GIF is the ability to use Interlaced layout.

NOTE! Interlaced - Interlaced recording and reading of an image. As a result, the file is first loaded through a line, that is, in a lower resolution, and then the rest of the lines are also loaded. The main application is the Internet, since it becomes possible to evaluate the contents of an image even before it is fully loaded, and therefore, save time.
All these conditions, namely animation, transparency, interlacing, made GIF one of the formats used on the worldwide web. But, we repeat, its main drawback is displaying only 256 colors.

ATTENTION! JPEG is far from the best format for storing your artwork for further editing. Each time you open and close the file, it is overwritten again, and therefore, the quality drops even more. After a while, the image may become completely unusable. The JPEG method is much more efficient than LZW or RLE. Compression can be achieved by a factor of 100, but this happens with a significant deterioration in quality, and LZW and RLE do not change the image, but compress based on repetitions of the existing one.
JPEG is best used for photographs, pictures and other things where you can tolerate blurry edges and the presence of a small "swamp". However, for storing, for example, graphs, it is better to give preference to other formats, such as PSD or Tiff. The big disadvantage of JPEG is the lack of the ability to store indexed colors. You can save in CMYK, but many programs have problems reading such files.
Currently, JPEG is the main image transmission format on the World Wide Web. The reason for this is clear - no other format can provide such quality, and therefore the speed of downloading files.
In PhotoShop, when saving in this format, you can choose one of three JPEG options:
1. Standard. The usual JPEG described above.
2. Baseline. Improved format. Files take up less space with the same quality, but there are programs that do not display such Jpeg correctly. Mainly used for the Internet.
3. Progressive. In addition to the advantages of Baseline, Interlaced has been added. An indispensable property for using files on the Internet.

PDF (Portable Document Format)
PDF is a format designed for the fast transmission of various types of information over networks, mainly typeset documents. Today, PDFs can include graphics, text, hyperlinks, sound, video, and more.
All data in PDF can be subjected to compression, and, what is most interesting, data of different types are compressed by different methods that are most effective in relation to them.
PhotoShop 6.0 can save both single-page and multi-page PDF documents. Considering the fact that today this format is being used more and more widely on the Internet, it should be given increased attention.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
The third whale (the first two are JPEG and GIF), which keeps the graphics on the Internet. The most promising format for the development of the worldwide network.
PNG is a young format specifically designed as a replacement for the now outdated Gif.
PNG, unlike Gif, uses any number of colors, even 48-bit color. Compression is similar to LZW, but slightly more advanced, which gives good results. PNG has the ability to load with interlaced scanning, and double - horizontally and vertically at the same time.
PNG also supports transparency. And not even just transparency, but to varying degrees, that is, translucent (1-99%) pixels can be preserved. This, of course, expands the possibilities of web design and makes this format very attractive.
Built-in gamma correction allows colors to be displayed correctly on all computers, regardless of platform.
Thus, PNG format deserves attention, first of all, of people whose works are aimed at further use on the World Wide Web. By the way, it seems to me that webmasters use PNG undeservedly little. You don't see him very often, despite the wide possibilities. Perhaps the reason for this situation is the traditionalism of the old masters and learning from their experience and new books. Even in the best design publications on the web, PNGs are somehow undeservedly little described.

RAW
The most flexible format for exchanging images between computers of different platforms. You can save images in any color model, including Lab and multichannel, alpha channels.
Working with this format is quite difficult, and therefore, if there is no urgent need, it is better not to use it at all.

Tiff (Tagged Image File Format)
The most widespread raster graphic format in publishing today. Its main advantages:
1. Tiff is hardware independent. Many therefore specifically use it to transfer images from PC to Macintosh and vice versa.
2. Tiff is a very reliable format. Almost all programs understand it without any problems.
3. This format supports all color models, including CMYK and PANTONE.
4. Tiff can carry additional information, for example, about contours or alpha channels.
5. Tiff can use LZW compression, which makes it suitable for file storage. As you know, LZW compression does not change image quality.
Thus, Tiff is the best choice for those whose work is intended for printing in the future.

This article does not talk about vector formats, since this is another matter, and they do not apply to Photoshop.

The purpose of the lesson: Get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe principles of building raster and vector images;
get acquainted with the type of graphic files;
foster interest and interest in the subject;
develop the creativity of students;
develop the ability to work in groups, analyze, compare, draw conclusions.
Material and technical equipment :
a computer with Microsoft Office installed;
supporting summary;
presentation "Types of graphic files".
Lesson type : learning new material.
Lesson structure
1. Organizational moment
2. Updating the basic knowledge of students
3. Motivation of educational activities
4. Learning new material
5. Securing the material
6. Reflection
7. Homework
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Updating the basic knowledge of students.
1. What is meant by computer graphics?
2. What is image processing?
3. What are the main areas of application of computer graphics do you know?
4. What devices do you know for inputting graphic images?
III. Motivation for learning activities.
IV. Learning new material.
The class is divided into four groups: scientists who study the theoretical foundations of raster and scientists who study the basics of vector graphics, researchers (perform practical task according to the instructions, prepare a report on various types of graphic files) and consultants (students who have knowledge of the topic and who are highlighted by the teacher).
The teacher informs the groups of assignments and deadlines (20 minutes). Groups receive assignment cards and notes for group work. Counselors assist groups in creating a response.
Handout
Group rules.
1. Remember effective work the group depends on the participation of everyone.
2. Read the material.
3. Share information with other group members.
4. Together prepare a short report on the topic (3xv.).
5. Select a presenter. The speaker is a representative of the group, and the work of the whole group is evaluated during his speech.
Scientists report outline.
1. What is the main element of image construction?
2. What determines the file size?
3. What advantages does it have?
4. Which disadvantages does it have?
5. For what types of work is it used?
Theoretical information.
Students receive theoretical information from the presentation "Types of graphic files", or cards with theoretical material.

Raster graphics

IN raster graphics images are composed of multi-colored dots (pixels) that together form a pattern. The file size is influenced by the image size (horizontal and vertical pixels) and the number of colors. Raster graphics are used in the development of electronic (multimedia) and printing publications, since it allows you to effectively and realistically represent an object. Bitmap illustrations are rarely created by hand, using computer programs... Most often they use scanning of images prepared by the artist on paper or photographs. Recently, digital photo and video cameras have been used to input bitmap images. Therefore, most of the bitmap graphics editors focused on image processing. Large amounts of data are a major problem in the use of raster images. One of the problems with raster graphics is the impossibility of image detailing. By enlarging the image, we will see that the pixels have become larger. No additional detail can be seen when the bitmap is enlarged.
The most popular programs for working with raster graphics are Adobe Photoshop, Corel Photo-Paint, Jasc Software Paint Shop Pro, Microsoft PhotoDraw, Adobe PhotoDeluxe, Corel Painter.

Vector graphics

Graphics created in programs for working with vector graphicsbased on mathematical descriptions of vectors, rather than descriptions of point coordinates. The basis of such images (curves and straight lines) are called vectors. Since the images of objects in graphic images use vectors described by mathematical formulas, the individual image elements that are obtained by such programs can be easily enumerated, enlarged or reduced without loss of image quality. To move an object on the image, just drag it with the mouse. The computer automatically calculates the size and new location of the image object. The idea behind image vectorization is to describe image elements using mathematical formulas. Images are decomposed into simple objects - primitives. Primitives are created based on key points, which are defined as a set of numbers. The program reproduces the picture, key points.
Vector graphics are used in the creation of schematic images - in advertising agencies, design bureaus, editorial offices for drawings, design work. Vector graphics objects are stored in the computer memory as a set of parameters. For the image of one object, 20-30 bytes are enough random access memory.
The most popular programs for working with vector graphics are CorelDraw Grafics, Suite, Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia Free Hand.

Graphic files. Fformats

Like any other data in a computer, graphic images are stored in the form of files with a certain data organization that is optimal for a particular program.
The graphic file format determines the file structure and how data is stored. Knowledge of file formats and their capabilities is an essential key factor in preparing publications, creating images for web pages and electronic publications, and editing original images. Graphic filesused to record images can be divided into three categories:

formats that save the image in raster form (file extension. Bmp ,. Tiff ,. Pxs ,. Psd ,. Jpeg ,. Png ,. Gif);
formats save the image in vector form (file extension. Wmf,. Dxf);
universal formats (metafiles), such as combining vector and raster images (file extensions. Eps ,. Pict ,. Cdr ,. Ai).

Metafile is a format that allows two or more types of image data to be stored in one file. Target files are widely used for transferring raster and vector data between different hardware and even software platforms.

Compression technique in graphic files

Compression is the process of converting data from one format to another.
All available compression algorithms can be divided into two large classes:
lossless compression;
lossy compression.
Most lossless compression algorithms are based on bitmap search for depicted pixelated repeating fragments. By applying this compression, the original images are completely restored, pixel by pixel. In this case, nothing is discarded or lost from the initial data. In such cases, a compression ratio of 10: 1 is most often achieved. The lossless compression method is very efficient.
Lossy compression is applied to graphics files that do not contain repetitive fragments or large, solid-colored portions. A lossy compression algorithm is implemented for the format. This means that in the process of compressing the image file, the data stored in the file is lost. The more the file is compressed, the lower the image quality.

Instructions for the research team
1. Answer the question: "What factors influence the size of graphic raster files?"
2. Investigate the changes that occur with graphic raster files when saving it with a different type.

Progress
1. Download the graphic editor Paint. Open file D: Lesson 24. bmp.
2. Using the File / Save As ... command, save the file to the same folder with the name 256cv and with the appropriate type. (Image changed?)
3. Use the File / Open command to open the 24.bmp file.
4. Using the File / Save As ... command, save the file in the same folder with the name 16sv and with the appropriate type. (Image changed? How exactly?)
5. Use the File / Open command to open the 24.bmp file.
6. Using the File / Save As ... command, save the file to the same folder with the name monochrome and with the appropriate type. (Image changed? How exactly?)
7. Use the File / Open command to open the 24.bmp file.
8. Using the File / Save As ... command, save the file to the same folder with the name F.jpeg and with the appropriate type. (Did you change the image? How exactly? Notice the borders of the shapes.)
9. Use the File / Open command to open the 24.bmp file.
10. Using the File / Save As ... command, save the file to the same folder with the name F.gif and with the appropriate type. (Image changed?)
11. Close the graphic editor.
12. In the My Computer window, open the folder with the created pictures. Set View / Table and compare the size of the created files. (Which is the smallest, the most, why?)
13. View pictures with an image viewer. Compare the quality of the drawings.
14. Discuss the results of the work, answer the problematic question.
15. Close all windows.
Brief theoretical information
The size of the raster file is affected by the quality of the picture (the number of pixels horizontally and vertically) and the number of colors. With a monochrome image, 1 code bit is allocated for each pixel - 1 bit (0 or 1). If a palette of 16 colors is used, 4 bits are needed for each pixel (0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100 .... - 24 \u003d 16), 256 colors - 8 bits (bytes). 24-bit palette allows for 224 \u003d 16M flowers. In this case, the code of each pixel takes 3 bytes. When saving files of the gif, jpeg types, special information compression algorithms are used, which in a certain way degrade the image quality.
Instructions for consultants
purpose : To answer the question "Which files (raster or vector) are easier to edit?"
Progress
1. Open the graphics editor Paint.
2. Draw a simple image (fig. 1)
3. Try to separate the oval from the rectangle.
4. Try to resize which shape (fig. 2)
5. Is it possible to change the bitmap?
6. Open a text editor Word.
7. Repeat steps 2-4.
8. Is it possible to change the vector image?
9. Formulate your conclusion.
V. Securing new material
Group work continues.
Students create a raster versus vector comparison chart.

Comparison criteria
1. Smallest imaging unit
2. File size
3. Image quality
4. Ease of editing
5. Image detail

A group of researchers reports on the results of their work.
Students formulate an answer to the question: "What is the difference between raster graphics and vector graphics? What kind of graphics is better? How can I change the size of graphic files?"
Vi. Reflection.
The teacher invites everyone to summarize their work using the Circle of Ideas method:

In today's lesson, I remember most of all ...
Have we reached the goal that we set at the beginning of the lesson? Whereby? What helped in the assimilation of the lesson material?
What was easy and what was difficult?
What was the most memorable part of today's lesson?
What difficulties did you encounter during the lesson?
What advice would you give your classmates to overcome these difficulties?
Vii. Homework.
Study the material.