entranceApplied text information processing programs. Moscow State University Press
The use of computers has radically changed the letter technology, publishing. The desire to simplify work with different texts led to the creation of applied software focused on solving these tasks. There are two main groups of text document preparation programs: text editors and text processors.
Text editors call programs creating text files without formatting items. Editors of this kind are indispensable when creating texts of computer programs, they are understandable and easy to use. All variety of modern text editors can be conditionally divided into three main groups:
The first includes the simplest text editors who have a minimum features and capable of working with documents in the usual text format.txt, which, as you know, with all its simplicity and universal support, it does not allow more or less decently to format text. This group of editors can be attributed to the included WordPad editors and a very low-functional NotePad (notepad), and a lot of similar products from other manufacturers (Atlantis, Editpad, Aditor Pro, Gedit, etc.).
The intermediate class of text editors includes quite wide opportunities in terms of document design. They work with all standard text files (TXT, RTF, DOC). Such programs can include Microsoft Works, Lexicon.
The third group includes powerful text processors such as Microsoft Word or StarOffice Writer. They perform almost all operations with text. Most users use these editors in everyday life.
The main possibilities of text processors include the following operations that make up the basis of the technology of working with texts:
creating a document;
editing a document (move via text; insert and replacing characters; delete, moving, copying, searching and replacing text fragments; cancellation of commands; exchange fragments between different documents);
preservation of documents in external memory (on disks) and reading from external memory into operational;
formatting documents, i.e. performing transformations that change appearance document (design of individual characters, paragraphs, pages of the document as a whole - change the length of the string, a rigid distance, text alignment, a change in the type and size of the font, etc.);
printing documents;
automatic preparation of tables and pointers in the document;
creating and formatting tables;
introduction into the document drawings, formulas, etc.;
verification of punctuation and spelling.
A modern object-oriented approach allows you to implement the mechanisms of embedding and implementing objects - Ole-Technologies (Object Linking and Embedding). This technology allows you to copy and insert objects from one application to another. For example, in the text document created in the MS Word application, you can embed images, animation, sound and even video phrases and thus from a regular document to get a multimedia document.
Editorial publishing systems. This class of programs is designed for set, design and full preparation for the printing publication of books and magazines. Examples of such systems can serve: Microsoft Publisher, Corel Ventura, Adobe Pagemaker, Quark Xpress. Publishing systems are indispensable for computer layouts and graphics, much easier to work with multi-page documents, since it is possible to automatically break the text on pages, alignment of page numbers, creating headlines, etc. Creating layouts of any editions of such systems is much facilitiated.
State educational institutionHigher professional education
Donskaya State Technical University
- (DGTU)
on the discipline of informatics
option 6.
Application software. Classification of PPO. Text processing programs
Rostov-on-Don
2010
Content
Introduction 3.
1 Applied software and its classification 5
1.1 Applied Software 5
1.2 Classification of PPOs 5
1.2.1 General Purpose Software 6
1.2.2 Special Instrument Software
destination 9.
1.2.3 PROFESSIONAL TEMBERS TEMBERS 10
2 programs processing texts 12
2.1 Unformatted text editors 14
2.1.1 NotePad (Notepad) 15
2.1.2 Kedit Editor 16
2.1.3 KWRITE 17 Editor
2.1.4 Editor MCEDIT 18
2.1.5 Editor Emacs 19
2.2 Text editors with markup elements 25
2.2.1 Text Editor MS Word 25
2.2.2 Editor Starwriter 31
2.2.3 Editor Netscape Composer 35
2.2.4 Klyx 38 Editor
Conclusion 40.
List of references 41.
Introduction
Personal computer, as you know, is a universal device for processing information. Personal computers can perform any information processing actions. To do this, you must create an accurate and detailed sequence of instructions for your computer on the language of your language, as you need to process information. Changing computer programs, you can turn it into an accountant or designer, designer or a scientist, writer or agronomist.
In addition, the tendency to lower the cost of computer equipment while increasing its performance led to the fact that computers become home to household, such as, for example, a TV or refrigerator, which expands the scope of the PC application even more. Accordingly, more and more diverse software needs to solve problems in new applications of PCs. Continuous increase in the power of personal computers, peripheral devices, as well as the development of communication tools gives software developers more and more opportunities for the maximum satisfaction of end-consumer requests. This is the standard graphic interface For any software, and embedded features for sending documents and data using the Internet, directly from the application program (Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, etc.), and the ability to use a computer as the information repositories due to the emergence of new types of large capacity storage and low time Access to data, as well as many other features and service functions.
With its execution of the program, various data input and output devices can use, just as the human brain uses sense authorities to obtain and transmit information.
By itself, PC does not have knowledge of any field of its application, all these knowledge are focused on programs performed on it. Therefore, the frequently used expression "computer did" means exactly what a program was performed on the PC that allowed the appropriate action to perform. Currently, the entire complex is divided into system and user programs. System software performs the functions of the "organizer" of all parts of the PC, as well as the external devices connected to it. Programs for users serve to perform any specific tasks in all spheres of human activity.
The number of programs installed on a modern computer is calculated by hundreds and even thousands. It is they who provide a comfortable job of the user.
The entire set of programs is included in the so-called computer software. The composition of the PC software is the most important functional characteristic. Software (software) is a set of regular application programs necessary to solve user objectives, and programs that make it possible to use computing equipment most efficiently, providing users with the greatest convenience and minimum labor costs for programming tasks and processing information. Consequently, the topic of work is relevant.
1. Applied software and its classification
1.1. Application software
Application software (applied software, applied programs) -programs intended to perform certain user tasks and designed for direct interaction with the user. Unlike appliedsystem software (operating system) Used to ensure the work of the computer itself and the execution of application programs.
Application software - Software consisting of:
- separate application programs and application packages intended for solving various user tasks;
- automated systems created based on these (packages) of application programs.
Packages of application programs (PPP) - serve as a software tool for solving functional tasks and are the most numerous class of software products. This class includes software products that process information from various subject areas.Installing software products on a computer is performed by qualified users, and their immediate operation is carried out, as a rule, end users - information consumers, in many cases whose activities are very far from the computer region. This class of software products can be very specific for individual subject areas.
Application programs are designed to ensure the use of computing equipment in various fields of human activity. In addition to creating new software products, applied program developers great efforts spend on improving and upgrading popular Systems, create their new versions.
1.2 Classification of PPO
Application programs are designed to ensure the use of computing equipment in various fields of human activity. In addition to creating new software products, applied program developers great efforts spend on improving and upgrading popular systems, creating their new versions. New versions, as a rule, support the old, maintaining continuity, and include the basic minimum (standard) of possibilities.
One of the possible options for classifying software tools (PS) constituting the application software (PPO) is reflected in Figure 1. Like almost any classification, shown in the figure is not the only possible. It contains even not all types of applications. However, the use of the classification is useful for creating a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe PPO.
Fig. 1. Classification of Application Software
- General-purpose software
Great popularity has been acquired by graphic information processing programs. Computer graphics are currently one of the most dynamically developing software areas. It includes input, processing and output of graphic information - drawings, drawings, paintings, texts, etc. - Tools of computer equipment. different types graphic Systems allow you to quickly build images, enter illustrations using a scanner or camcorder, create animated rollers.
Graphic editor Allowed to use various artist's tools, standard image libraries, sets of standard fonts, editing images, copying and moving fragments on screen pages, etc. To perform calculations and further processing of numerical information exist. special programs - spreadsheet. In the process of activity of any specialist, it is often necessary to present the results of work in the form of tables, where one part of the fields are occupied by the source data, and the other - the results of computing and graphical analysis. The large amount of information processed for them is characteristic of them, the need for multiple calculations when changing the source data. Automation of such routine work and electronic tables are engaged.
One of the most promising areas for the development of computing equipment is to create special hardware for the storage of giant information data arrays, and the subsequent unlicassed processing of their search and sorting. For computer processing such databases use database management systems. DBMS - This is a set of software tools needed to create, process and output database entries. There are several types of DBMS: hierarchical, network, relational. When working with DBMS, several consecutive stages are distinguished:
design database;
Creating a database structure;
Filling a database;
View and edit the database;
Database sorting;
Search for the required record;
Sampling information;
Creating reports.
As a rule, most popular database management systems support these stages and provide a convenient toolkit for their implementation.
Computer publishing systems - This is a complex of hardware and software, intended for computer set, layout and publication of textual and illustrative materials. The main difference of desktop publishing systems from text editors is that they are intended, first of all, to design documents, and not for input and edit. The layout process consists in designing text and setting conditions for the mutual layout of text and illustrations. The purpose of the layout is to create an original layout suitable for the reproduction of the document to the printing method.
There are various publishing systems, among which the following can be distinguished:
1. Adobe Indesign - a newly emerging package of Adobe, optimized under the layout of documents of the widest profile, from single-page booklets to thick books, enriched with a set of specific visual tools.
2. Adobe PageMarker is another Package of Adobe, with a rather complex interface and command system, but at the same time with high performance and rich opportunities, especially when working with color.
3. Corel Ventura Publisher - Alternative package of Corel, somewhat lost its position in recent positions, but as a result of its versatility (has broad functions of ordinary textual and graphic editors, integration with Web, support for various platforms) without launching relevance.
4. QuarkXpress is quite easy to master and flexible publishing system, which is traditionally used by many publishers of newspapers, magazines, advertising agencies.
The desire to combine the functions of various application programs into a single system led to the creation of integrated systems. Universal integrated systems developed according to the principle of a unified system containing text and texts as elements graphic editor, spreadsheets and database management system. Examples: Framework, Works, Master. Modern software integration concept - cooperation of individual application software systems widely known microsoft package Office. The system included in the package are independent, moreover, they themselves represent a locally integrated package, since in addition to the main task, they support the functions of other systems. For example, Word text editor has the ability to manipulate with spreadsheets and databases, and in electronic excel Table Built in a powerful text editor. To interfacitate information data from various software systems, they include an import-export exchange system with transcoding of data representation formats.
- Special purpose instrumental software
Expert system- This is a program that behaves like an expert in some narrow applied area. Expert systems are designed to solve problems with uncertainty and incomplete source data requiring expertise for their decision.
In addition, these systems should be able to explain their behavior and their decision.
The principal difference of expert systems from other programs is their adaptability, i.e. variability in the process of self-study.
It is customary to allocate three main modules in expert systems:
Knowledge Base Module;
Logical output module;
Interface with user.
Expert systems that are the basis of artificial intelligence gained widespread in science (classification of animals and plants by type, chemical analysis), in medicine (diagnosis, analysis of electrocardiograms, determination of treatment methods), in technique (troubleshooting in technical devices, tracking Flying of space ships and satellites), in political science and sociology, forensic, linguistics, etc.
Recently, hypertext information processing programs have been widely popular. Hypertext - This is a form of text material organization not in a linear sequence, but in the form of an indication of possible transitions (references), links between its individual fragments. In the usual text, the usual linear principle of posting information and access to it is carried out sequentially. In hypertext systems, information resembles the text of the encyclopedia, and access to any selected text fragment is carried out arbitrarily by reference. The organization of information in hypertext form is used when creating reference manuals, dictionaries, contextual assistance (HELP) in application programs.
The expansion of the concept of a hypertext on graphical and sound information leads to the concept of hypermedia. The ideas of Hypermedia were distributed in network technologies, in particular in Internet technologies. WWW Technology (World Wide Web) allowed to structure enormous world information resources through hypertext links. Software appeared, allowing you to create similar Web pages. The search mechanisms for the desired information in the maze began to develop information flows. Popular search tools in the Internet are Yahoo, Altavista, Magellan, Rambler, etc.
Multimedia (Multimedia) is the interaction of visual and audio effects under the control of interactive software. The emergence and widespread distribution of CDs (CD-ROM) has made effective use of multimedia in advertising and information service, network telecommunication technologies, training.
Multimedia gaming and training systems begin to displace traditional "paper libraries". Today in the CD-ROM libraries, you can "walk" on museums, Moscow Kremlin, etc. Using the "electronic guidebook".
- Professional software
Arm - a workplace of a specialist in the subject area, equipped with a computer and special software that helps solve problems within the framework of the activities of this specialist (for example, ART of the Accountant, AWS dispatcher, AWS technolog, etc.).
AWP can be equipped with additional non-standard equipment, for example, the AWS telemechanics are equipped with a programmer microcircuit of the ROM, a debugging kit, etc.
Often under the term AWS understand only the software product for the automation of the work of a specialist. At the same time it is understood that the computer in the workplace is already available.
CAD - Design automation system, or automated design system, (English CAD, Computer-Aided Design) - software packageDesigned for design (development) of production facilities (or construction), as well as design and / or technological documentation.
Modern CADS are used in conjunction with automation systems of engineering calculations and CAE analysis (Computer-Aided Engineering). Some CAD contain integrated means of automating engineering calculations and analysis.
Data from CAD systems is transmitted to CAM (English. Computer-aided Manufacturing is a system of automated development of parts processing programs for CNC machines or GAPS (flexible automated production systems)).
Working with CAD usually implies the creation of a geometric model of the product (two-dimensional or three-dimensional, solid state), generation based on this model of design documentation (product drawings, specifications, etc.) and its subsequent support.
It should be noted that the Russian term "CAD" in relation to industrial systems has a wider interpretation than CAD - it includes CAD, CAM and CAE.
ASNI - Automated System of Scientific Research (less frequently used Sanitis Automation Systems and SAE- Experiment Automation System) is a software and hardware complex based on computing equipment intended for research or comprehensive tests of samples of new techniques based on obtaining and using Models of the objects under study, phenomena and processes.
ACS - automated control system - a set of mathematical methods, technical means (Computer, communication tools, display devices, etc.) and organizational complexes, providing rational management of a complex object (process) in accordance with the prosecution. The ACS consists of the foundation and functional part. In basic information, technical and mathematical support. The Kfunctional Part includes a set of interrelated programs that automate specific management functions (planning, financial accounting activities, etc.). The objects are distinguished by the ACS (technological processes - ASUTP, enterprise - ASUP, industry -Oasu) and functional automated systems, for example, design, calculations, logistical and other support.
ASUP - Automated system Enterprise management - a complex of software, technical, information, linguistic, organizational and technological means and actions of qualified personnel, designed to solve the problems of planning and managing various activities of the enterprise
Pedagogical complexes - Packages of application programs for use in the learning process on various subjects
Finally, once again we emphasize not only the conventionality of the above classification, but also the presence of intersections. So, each specific expert system can be attributed to a professional level PPO; The principle of hypertext is implemented in a number of copyright systems, etc.
2 programs processing texts
One of the most common functions of a modern personal computer is to prepare a variety of text documents. This section discusses software products operating in MS Windows and Linux OS and designed to work with texts. We will get acquainted with the principles of creating and editing both simple and more complex documents.
There are two main groups of text document preparation programs: text editors and text processors.
Text editors, mainly call programs that create text files without formatting elements (i.e., not allowing to select parts of the text with various fonts and headsets). Editors of this kind are indispensable when creating texts of computer programs.
Text processors can format text, insert graphics and other objects in the document, not related to the classical concept of "text". It should be noted the conventionality of such separation - a variety of text processing programs allows you to find an editor with any set of functions.
Some text processors are the so-called WYSIWYG editors. The name is obtained by the first letters of the phrase What You See Is What You GET is what you see, there is something that you will get. When they say it is a WYSIWYG editor, then you guarantee full compliance with the appearance of the document on the computer screen and its printed copy. The editors of this type include Word and Starwriter.
Some modern editors support the concept of "almost" WYSIWYG. The type of document on the screen is slightly different from how the printed document will look, but it is done specifically for the purpose of more efficient use of the working window of the document. Examples of "almost" WYSIWYG editors are Netscape Composer and Klyx.
Many text files are transmitted as a simple text (Plain Text). The simple text is difficult to make attractive and easily readable, as there are no fonts of various designs, graphs, headers, subtitles, etc. These additional features are called text markup (Markup).
Speaking about the layout of the text, allocate the concepts of physical and logical markup. When using the physical layout of the text, the exact view of each fragment is indicated. For example, "CENTRATED Text, 14 Keglem, Fat, Times Headset". If logical markup indicates the logical value of this fragment, for example, "is the headline of the chapter". These two methods of marking are intended, as a rule, for use in different situations. In order to print text on the printer, you need to use physical marking. Decisions should be made on the size of fields and paragraph numbers. Early versions of text processors used only the physical type of markup. At the same time, the font, size and style was pointed for each fragment.
When exchanging information with other people, physical design of text imposes a number of restrictions, especially for online documents. Screen size, resolution, fonts are different for different systems. For these reasons, the logical design of the text is increasingly. In some cases, logical design is practically necessary: \u200b\u200bwhen creating electronic documents such as WWW pages or when creating and publishing bulk labor, such as books.
To maintain the marking of documents during the transfer of text information from the machine to the machine, different methods are used. Text processors and publishing systems use specially designed file formats that contain not only text, but also information on how it must be decorated. The main problem here is inconsistent with such formats, although the most complex programs can usually read files in competitors' formats. Examples of this approach are Word and Starwriter text processors.
With a different approach, special markup commands are inserted directly into the document. Even if you do not have software that supports such a format, you still understand it in it. There are many ways to such a presentation of the layout of the text, including:
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) used in World Wide Web;
TEX and LATEX are popular for many academic publications, as well as in mathematicians, physicists, chemists and even musicians.
Examples of programs that allow you to place text in a similar way, serve Netscape Composer and Lyx (Klyx).
Files created by different editors often have unique extensions that allow, without looking into the document, guess the methods of laying text. So the files created by the editors of the PLAIN text preparation often have extension. TXT, and prepared in the LYX - .LYX editor. The Word text processor by default creates files in MS Word format (extension.doc), but also supports other formats, such as RTF (extension.rtf). Documents containing HTML marking commands have extension.html or.htm.
Obviously, it is impossible to list all text editors. Many of them are "sharpened" under one or another specific activity. The list discussed below shows only a small part of text editors.
Editors of unformatted texts
NotePad - built into the Windows operating system, is clear and easy and use;
MCEDIT - has similarities with Edit editor from MS DOS, component file Manager MC (Midnight Commander) Linux OS;
Kedit - the simplest text editor, is part of KDE Linux;
KWRITE - a text editor with a number of additional settings compared to other simple text editors;
Emacs - combines the functions of a file manager and a text editor; one of distinctive features is the ability to create macros (macros); There are in all unix clones, including Linux; Emacs can be used in MS Windows.
Editors creating text with marking elements
Word - serves to create a variety printed documentsis a component of office applications in MS Windows;
Starwriter - part of the StarOffice program, appearance and functionality it is similar to Word, works equally well both in MS Windows and in Linux OS;
LYX (Klyx in KDE) - a modern text editor, designed for people who want to get a document looking professionally, but to spend on its creation of a minimum of time; The editor inserts Tex and Latex marking team text;
Netscape Composer - Inserts the HTML Language Markup Text, exist both for Linux OS and MS Windows.
- Editors of unformatted text
2.1.1 NotePad (Notepad)
The NotePad editor is one of the most common tools for preparing unformatted text in MS Windows. The editor window contains a menu bar, which includes three items: File, Edit and Search.
The File menu is used to work with files. It allows you to create, save and open an existing file. The document editing commands (copying, inserting, deleting text fragment) are carried out using the Edit menu. To search for text fragment, use the Search menu.
NotePad allows one more way to call the document editing commands - the context menu. To call the context menu, you need to highlight some document element, and then right-click. To close the context menu without selecting the command, click on the mouse button, placing its cursor outside the menu, or press the ESC key.
To highlight parts of text and move, various key combinations are used, presented in the table. SHIFT + arrow to the right selection of the symbol to the left of the cursor
| SHIFT + Arrow Left SHIFT + arrow up Shift + down arrow SHIFT + HOME. SHIFT + END. Pgup / pgdn. |
Selection of the symbol to the right of the cursor
Selecting the previous line Selection of the subsequent line Selecting text from the beginning of the row to the cursor Selecting text from the cursor to the end of the line Move to the page up / down Moving to the beginning / end of the line Word moving forward Move word back Moving to the beginning of the text Move to the end of the text |
To install the cursor to a specific place, you can use the mouse: you need to move the cursor and click on the left button.
Before executing commands for editing a fragment of the text, it must be highlighted, for which you can use two methods: using the mouse, or using the key combination. In order to highlight the text using the mouse, you need to install the mouse cursor to the beginning of the text fragment to be highlighted, and move the cursor when the left mouse button is pressed to the end of the fragment. The fragment remains highlighted until another fragment is highlighted.
The NotePad editor uses the so-called clipboard in its work. In the clipboard temporarily placed fragments of arbitrary length text. The fragment from the previous position is copied or deleted, while it is automatically placed in the clipboard and then can be inserted into any place of the text. The fragment is stored in the buffer until a new text is submitted to it.
2.1.2 Kedit Editor
Kedit editor starts by setting the "Kedit" command in command line, or through the main menu KDE. Kedit is an easy-to-use, fast and convenient editor.
The main techniques of the text set are similar to working with other simple text editors. All manipulations are carried out using the menu and toolbar. The toolbar contains buttons for file operations (creating, opening, writing), editing (copying, inserting, cutting), printing and posting mail. This is the Plain text editor and therefore does not contain formatting.
The setup menu allows you to change the appearance of the editor, setting the fonts of various headsets and draw. It is amenable to override the color of the font and background, spelling check parameters, the number of characters in the string, etc. You can select the encoding in which the document will be saved.
2.1.3 Kwrite Editor
Another editor intended for creating unformatted texts is kwrite. To start it, you need to dial "KWRITE" on the command line or use the KDE menu.
KWRITE editor is convenient to use for a set of texts containing markup and program codes, as it is a syntactically oriented editor. The latter means that he can allocate special designs and markup teams in color.
From the point of view of the KWRITE interface, Kedit is similar and has a menu bar and a button panel. The file, except for standard items similar to the Kedit version, added a new species (opening a window containing a copy of the current document). In the menu item Go Added the ability to insert so-called tags to accelerate the search for the desired fragment of the text. The editing item contains standard editing commands, as well as the ability to insert content. specified File in text. KWRITE supports the so-called rolling log, which allows you to cancel a number of actions.
In the Tools item, it is possible to install / cancel indents and add comments that match the file extension type.
Settings in Kwrite noticeably richer than in Kedit. It is possible to set the coloring of the syntax of any language: C, C ++, Java, HTML, etc., headset, size, encoding and font color. In subparagraph, the kwrite setting can be set to limit the length of the string (when transferring the transfer according to words), the tab value, the abolition levels, various indents, as well as parameters of the selection (including multiple and vertical selection). Here you can define hot keys for a large number of commands - moving the cursor, file operations, edit, highlight, search, replace and transition.
2.1.4 Editor MCedit.
Midnight Commander File Manager users willingly use the MCedit built-in editor. However, it is able to run and as an independent application, in this case it is required to dial "MCedit" in the command window.
Externally, this editor resembles Edit editor from a set of Norton Commander utilities, well known to users since MS DOS.
Moving according to the document is carried out using the cursor keys, as well as using the mouse. To go to another string, the Enter key serves. The selection of the text fragment is carried out using the mouse.
The table lists the assignments of the menu items and some key combinations to work with the text.
| Ctrl + Y Ctrl + U Ins. F7. Shift + F7. F4. F3. F5. F6 F8. Ctrl + F. SHIFT + F5. SHIFT + F4. F2. F10 |
Delete string Cancel the last editing operation Switching Insert / Substitution (INSERT / OVERTYPE) Search (you can use regular expressions) Repeat the last search operation Replacement The first press is the beginning of the block mark, the second - the end Copying the selected fragment Move the dedicated fragment Delete current string Record to file. Reading from file. Creating a new file Save File Completion of work |
2.1.5 Editor Emacs.
In all UNIX systems, including Linux, the Emacs editor is widely used. As the editor of Plain text, it has a set of additional features and features. Emacs is a convenient file manager, it is easy to manipulate files and directories.
When you run Emacs, it creates its separate window, which, with the exception of the first and last row, is retracted to display text. The first line is called the menu bar, and the last one is an echo area or a minibofer window where the command sequences are displayed and queries appear. Once you stop more than a second in the middle of the command, all signs of this command are immediately displayed. In the future, we will adhere to the designations similar to that appear in the echo area, for example, while pressing the Ctrl and x keys in the miniber, the CX string appears in the miniber, and when you press the ALT and X keys, the M-X key (key on the keyboard, labeled Alt, in Emacs Plays a special role: it serves as a special key - META).
The echo area is also used to display a minibofer: windows that is used to read arguments for commands, for example, a file name for editing. When the minibuple is used, the echo region begins with the prompt row, which usually ends with the colon; In addition, the cursor appears in this row, as it becomes the selected window. You can always get out of minibofer, typing C-G.
The recommended way to use Emacs is to run it only once immediately after logging into the system. If you need to simultaneously work with multiple files or various parts of the same document, the C-X 5 2 command is followed or using the Make New Frame item to create a new window (the so-called frame). It is allowed to divide one window into several workspaces (in Emacs terminology - windows), although it is less convenient than using frames. The C-x 2 command will divide the window to two vertically, the C-x 3 command is two horizontally, and the C-X 1 command will only leave one window.
Emacs saves the text of each file in the object called the buffer (Buffer). When you first access the Emacs file creates a new buffer. In order to see a list of buffers created in the current session, type C-X C-B.
To complete the EMACS editor, the C-X C-C command serves. If at this moment there were buffers, the contents of which were not saved to the disk, then you will be asked to save them.
When you start the Editor "EMACS. &" By the Emacs window appears on the screen with information about the contents of the current directory (symbol & at the end of the command ensures the start of the application in the background). In this case, he plays the role of a file manager.
Moving by catalogs
The first two lines of the Emacs file manager window on the right contain a point (.) And two points (..). The string with a point matches the current directory. To move to the parent directory (i.e., at the level of the file tree) serves a string with two points. If you want to go to some subdirectory of the current directory, you need to set the cursor to the string with its name and press the ENTER key.
To appeal to the desired file or directory, the C-X C-F command is served. The Find File string appears in the minibofer window in which the path to the current directory is specified. Editing it, specify the path to the directory you need according to the syntax of the Linux operating system. After entering the name of the directory or file, press the Enter key. If the file name is specified, the appropriate file will be opened or created.
Creating a directory
To create a directory serves the + command. A CREATE Directory message appears in the miniber, after which you want to enter the name of the directory being created.
Copy File or File Group
To copy the file, you need to set the cursor to the file name and press the C key. After that, the COPY TO line appears in the minibal window, in which you want to specify the path to the directory to which you want to copy this file.
If you want to copy a group of files, then before copying you need to first mark each file by pressing the M key, after which the stamp symbol * appears in the extreme left position of the string with the file name.
Rename (move) files and directories
To rename the file you need to install the cursor on this file And press R. In the miniber, a string appears with the file name (directory) and indicates the full path to it. To rename the file, it is enough to specify a new name, and for moving - the path to the new catalog.
Editing
To edit the file, you must give the editor command to read it and prepare a buffer containing a copy of the file text. This operation is called a file reference. Editing commands are applied directly to the text in the buffer, that is, to the copies inside Emacs. Your changes will appear in the file itself only after the buffer is saved. As already noted, the C-X C-F command is served to access the file. If you access the file that has already been open, the new buffer is not created.
You can start Emacs with a specific file name, such as "Emacs File.txt &". In this case, the editor will create a buffer and loads the contents of the specified file to it (if there is no file with the same name, it will be created an empty buffer), after which you can immediately start editing.
After making changes to the buffer, you need to save its contents. Saving a buffer in Emacs means recording its contents back to the file with which this buffer is associated. This serves the C-X C-S command.
If the buffer contains changes that were not saved to the file, then the buffer say that it is changed (or modified). This means that changes will be lost if the buffer is not saved. A sign that the buffer is changed, serve two stars in the status bar of the editor window.
Emacs From time to time (based on the counting of the keys you are pressed) independently records all modified buffer. This operation is called self-preservation or auto storage. When autoserving, a file is created, the name of which is different from the name of the source file by the presence at the beginning and end of the name of the symbol "#". For example, a buffer associated with the EXAM.TXT file will be saved to file # exam.txt #. When you save the buffer, Emacs will delete a motor shielded file.
To create and edit the document You can use the menu bar located at the top of the Emacs window. The menu bar contains the following items:
Buffers - serves to move on previously created buffers with files;
Files - This menu duplicates file working commands;
Tools - serves to perform a variety of different actions; Note that it contains the ability to work with several buffers;
Edit - When editing a document, you can use this menu, among the features there is the ability to check spell (Spell);
Search - this menu is needed to search for text fragments in the document;
HTML (or TeX, Java, etc.) - appears if Emacs "learned" file extension, in this case additional features are provided specific to files with this extension (for example, if this is a file with HTML extension, then The possibilities of inserting the most common hypertext markup commands);
Help - help menu.
Select and copy the text is convenient with the mouse. You can delete the selected text fragment by right-clicking on it with the right mouse button, as well as insert into any part of the document by pressing the middle mouse button or by executing the C-Y or SHIFT + INSERT command.
To switch input from Russian to English text, the capabilities provided by the operating system are used. In addition, Emacs often set up so that switching is made by the F5 key. Emacs allows you to use two modes of Russian letter layouts on the keyboard: Laying for a typewriter ("Yatsuken", as a rule, indicated on the keyboard) and the phonetic layout (on the consonance, on the key with the English letter K is both Russian K). Switching between them is carried out by the F6 key or standard keyboard switching tools.
List some Emacs editor commands to work with the text. If you are mistaken when entering any command, then the combination c-G keys Cutting it input.
| team | Purpose |
| Del C-D C-K. M-D. M-Del C-Y. C-A. C-E. M-F. M-B. C-N. C-P. M-L. M-U. M-C. C-x U |
Delete a sign before the cursor position
Delete a sign after the cursor position Destroy everything until the end of the line Destroy the word Destroy the previous word Restore the last destroyed text Move the cursor to the beginning of the line Move the cursor to the end of the line Move the cursor on word forward Move the Cursor for Word Back Move the cursor on the string down Move the cursor on the string up Translate the Word to the Lower Register Translate a word to the top register Translate the Word to the Lower Register with the first capital letter Cancel the latest command (rolling) Repeat the specified number time command |
It is difficult to list all the features of Emacs in such a small manual. In addition to editing texts, it allows you to perform many other functions. The following are only some of them, allowing you to distract a little from work and relax.
First we note one convenient opportunityThe editor provided is auto separation when entering commands in the minibofer string. By typing the beginning of the long symbol sequence, use the Tab key to display possible sources.
Emacs can work and as a desk calendar. To enter this mode, type M-X Calendar. The window will be divided into two, the calendar will be shown for three months, centered in the current month with the allocated current date. The calendar image automatically scrolls when you move beyond the visible part. Below are some commands to work with the calendar.
If you scored, you can try M-X Hanoi. As can be seen from the name of the team - this is the implementation of the famous puzzle "Hanoic Tower". If you are very boring, then specify a numerical argument, for example, M-X HANOI 5.
The game in the noliki cross on an endless board will require your personal participation. She starts command m-x gomoku; Wins one who will be able to build a number of 5 elements.
M-X DUNNET launches a greater adventure game.
If you are upset, run the famous ELIZA program (an example of a program modeling artificial intelligence). It serves as a psychotherapist who is ready to help you understand your problems. Enter M-X Doctor To start, and each doctor's response to the doctor finish double-clicking on the ENTER key. Complete communication session with a psychotherapist with the QUIT command.
2.2 Text editors with markup elements
2.2.1 Text Processor MS Word
Microsoft Word is a powerful text editor that has received the widest distribution in windows Environment. It is a convenient tool for preparing a variety of letters, business documentation, reports. With it, it is convenient to create both forms and questionnaires and articles, brochures.
At the heart of documents in Word lies a system of formatting patterns and styles that allow us to achieve the unity of the design of most documents. Word belongs to the WYSIWYG editor: the printed document looks the same as on the screen.
Word by default saves text files in the MS Word's own binary format (the corresponding file extension is .doc). The text version of this format is RTF format (RICH Text Format) is documented by Microsoft and is supported by text processors of some other firms. Due to its text structure, RTF format is much safer in terms of distribution computer virusesWhile DOC format files are one of the virus transmission tools between computers. Latest versions The processor can save a file in a format that includes hypertext markup elements (.html or.htm).
etc.................
Screen suneiform Stylus 3.0 program window After calling the source text file: 1 - program header; 2 - menu line; 3 - Pictogram palette "Basic"; 4 - Pictogram palette "Formatting"; 5 - Pictogram Pictogram "Translation"; 6 - Pictogram palette "Service"; 7 - title of the source file window; 8 - work window of the source file; 9 - Information Panel
Application programs are designed to perform certain functional tasks of computer publishing systems (for example, for text processing, mathematical, structural chemical formulas, tank products, tables, vector and raster graphics, maktings and layouts of publications), as well as to perform a number of service tasks.
Entering information from paper to computer is currently frequently performed task. Until recently, this task was solved exclusively by encoding a computer keyboard. Most of the documents to be processed are presented in the originals on paper. Therefore, an integral part of any system of automation of office work is computer systemsincluding scanning and optical document image recognition programs. The recognition task is to convert the input (scanned) image to text from moving characters. In other words, the graphic image of each input symbol is replaced with the designation of this symbol used in the computer (i.e. code, a clear computer system).
Intellectual systemoptical character recognition (OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION, OCR) CUNEIFORM functions in medium Microsoft Windows. 3.1 or later. Context-dependent Cuneiform reference system is supported by the standard system. windows help. The system has the following technological capabilities:
supports a wide range of desktop scanners;
recognizes the scanned page (including multicolone text and text with complex design);
allows you to scan and record the image as TIFF, and the recognition is run later (it is convenient to scan the packing of documents);
has a range of features on recording files, allowing you to scan a series of pages, and the program will carry out an auto record, assigning sequential names to images (Pagen, etc.);
separates text from graphics and converts it from a graphic image to a text file for one of the text processors, databases or spreadsheets;
it has the function "Determine the recognition area", which allows selective recognition in the selected parts of the page;
recognizes the letters of Russian and English alphabets, excluding stylized fonts of the type of gothic letters;
recognizes all the widespread fonts (including bold and body-inspection, as well as underlined font), which can be mixed inside the page, even inside the paragraph or word;
can handle documents printed tyographs, on LQ and NLQ matrix printers, inkjet, laser printers, on a circuit breeder (monosine, and proportional printing);
can maintain initial formatting and tabs and adjust indents and alignment;
it has an internal text editor and vocabulary with which you can control the quality of recognition and edit text. To do this, the built-in editor window shows recognized text with the allocation of dubious characters and words that are missing in the dictionary. In the extension window, you can see an enlarged image of the scanned text, which allows you to edit without looking into the original document;
does not recognize handwritten text.
The Seiform screen contains four main parts marked in the picture. 
Basic actions (procedures) when working in the system are the following:
| Panel button | Function performed |
| Scanning and recognition | The "Scan and Recognition" button will be useful if there is confidence that the design of the document simply simply and does not complicate the recognition of the text (for more complex fragmentation it is useful to "scan and show"). When you press the button in the quick access panel (or call a command, the Action \\ Scan and Recognition) appears a window message that comes to know what scanning occurs. Next, the "Progress indicator" field shows the current phase of character recognition, as well as the total fraction of the recognition of the recognition in percent. Pressing the button is equivalent to executing the commands to "scan and show" and then "recognition". |
| Open image | Allows you to upload an image from an existing graphic file (button or command file \\ Open an image). In the window that appears, select the name directory and file names. |
| Scan and show | Allows you to scan the document and view it (using the button or the Action \\ Scan and Show), without launching symbolic recognition. Scanning will immediately begin, and the scanned image window will appear on the right side of the screen. |
| Recognition | Used in case of startup (button or command Action \\ Recognition) of character recognition after performing the action "Scan and see" or after downloading the file. |
| Brightness | Allows you to set the optimal brightness level for scanning a document (by a button or command actions \\ brightness). Cuneiform offers 256 brightness gradations (0-255). By default, its value is 127. If many errors occur in recognition due to the fact that the scanned image is too light, you need to install a smaller brightness and retertain the document. If the image is too dark, you need to install a large brightness. The brightness level can be changed as follows: a) moving to the right and left slider on the scale; b) Exposing the value of brightness automatically. To do this, press the "Automatically" button in the "Brightness Setup" field. A small dialog box appears, offering: "Select the left mouse button to select the brightness or click Cancel." When moving the cursor in the image, it will take the shape of a light bulb with a crossbar nearby. Next, you need to bring the crosshair to that part of the image that it has an average density of characters or darkening, and then press the mouse button. The automatic brightness function examines the area around the selected point operator in order to determine the overall brightness setting. Next will be proposed if you want to retell the page using a new brightness value. If you choose "Yes", the document will be retended. This should improve accuracy when re-start recognition. You can also call the Brightness Setup window by selecting the "Brightness" item in the "Action" menu. Regardless of where it is installed, the current brightness level is always displayed in the left end of the status line from the bottom of the screen. |
| Previous image | The action is performed by pressing the button or the file command \\ Restore the previous image to return the last image that was on the screen in this session. |
| Page gluing | Used if there is a need to scan with a manual scanner (in which the capture window is less than the page size) Full sheet. By pressing the button or command, the Action \\ page gluing is called the process of processing the right or upper parts of the page in accordance with the selected gluing method. First, a TWAIN-dialog was called with a scanner and the corresponding part of the page is scanned, and then the recognition process starts. The entire chain of action is automatically repeated for the next part of the page. The next step is the gluing of these two recognized parts into a single text. |
Status string It may include the following main elements installed inside the main menu: (see Figure). 
The extension window is designed to display a part of the scanned image with a larger increase. This window appears on the screen when there is a need for a more thorough view of the fragment. The window is called in the View \\ Extension menu. The increase in the extension window is controlled by the selection of the menu View \\ one to one, 200% or 400% increase. The place in which the expansion window appears on the screen depends on what actions it originated:
if it is called at the location of the cursor after using "Scan and Show" or after opening a file, it will arise in the left side of the screen;
if it appears with the "Editor" window after recognition, its position depends on the screen selection selected from the window "Window" menu;
the extension window can be moved across the screen by moving it in Drag and Drop mode.
Window manual fragmentation Use when the recognizable document has a complex structure consisting of more than one text column and / or graphics.
IN as usual mode After the Cuneiform scan automatically fragments and folds the image to blocks, which are considered associated, meaningful pieces of text and are surrounded by a dotted line when displaying in "fragmentation" mode. However, the text block is simply a set of characters and is not always the finished semantic fragment.
Due to the fact that the program basizates its separation at intervals, and does not analyze the contextual information, it cannot ideally assess which text is associated. The "Manual Fragmentation" window provides several ways to further create blocks when automatic fragmentation inaccurate.
The "Fragmentation" mode exists just to correct errors made in the process of automatic fragmentation before recognition. In the case under consideration, select the Options menu \\ fragmentation. At the same time, the word "fragm." Appears on the right in the status line. The Manual Fragmentation window will appear later after scanning a document or call it from a graphic file.
In addition to automatically marked blocks, the window includes a button column built along its left side: 
| Button | Function performed |
| Perform | Provides the transition to recognition after the necessary actions for fragmentation |
| Return repetition | Allow you to return one step and remake the last action done |
| Text | Allows you to select a block containing, for example, all parts of the table so that they merge into one fragment. To do this, after pressing the button, you need to designate a rectangle around the selected area with the cursor. As a result, a new unit is created, which is considered when recognized as one |
| Goriz. Vert. | Allowed to designate additional fragmentation horizontally or vertical. To do this, sufficiently after selecting the button to place the cursor in the desired place and in the DRAG mode designate the fragmentation boundary respectively horizontally or vertically |
| Glue | Allows you to "glue" fragments created using the "Goriz" buttons And "vert.". To do this, it is enough to mark the cursor bondable fragments and select the "glue" button |
| Delete | Allows you to remove the text fragments from the recognition process using the button |
| Increases | Allows you to increase the text fragment in the Manual Fragmentation window. For this, sufficiently after selecting the button to lock the cursor in the desired place of the text and click the mouse button. |
| Did not hurt. | Allows you to return an enlarged text fragment in the initial state. To do this, sufficiently after selecting the button to lock the cursor in the selected location and click the left mouse button. |
| Picture | Allows you to create a new picture |
| Help | Allows you to call screen reference information on using manual fragmentation control buttons |
Additional features to correct erroneous separation into blocks In the window "Manual fragmentation":
horizontal separation;
vertical separation;
picking.
Let in the document there are two columns of the text, but the Cuneiform of this "does not see". On the contrary, it drains two columns in one block. Since further it can lead to problems in recognition, it is necessary to divide the columns on the blocks:
press "vert." in the left part of the "Fragmentation" window;
put the cursor where it is planned to start separation;
when the mouse key is pressed and holding the cursor key, where the separation should end;
release the button.
Cuneiform will divide the block vertically into two text fragments (the "split horizontal" function produces the same actions on the text that should be divided horizontally).
In some cases, Cuneiform can automatically divide the fusion piece of text into fragments. To straighten this partition, you must click on the cursor to each of the fragments and click the "Slice" button. Two fragments will be combined into one block.
In the Editor window, there is a simple menu of five buttons: "Exit", "save as ...", "attach to ...", "Trail. Dubious "and" Add Word ". With their help, when using the editing window, it is convenient to perform a number of procedures. 
The "Editor" window contains the result of recognition. After recognition, the edit window covers the image in the image window. The text selected by the user in the edit window is synchronized with the image in the expansion window. When moving the cursor in the edit window, the image in the extension window is shifted according to a new cursor position, and the selected symbol is highlighted
Errors made in the process of recognition can be edited in one of the text processors subsequently or using the "Editor" menu and the edit window buttons. In the latter case, using the View \\ Settings menu, you can choose the size of the characters displayed on the screen for ease of editing.
To perform editing there is a number of additional amenities:
the ability to perform an automated spell check after selecting the Options menu \\ Vocabulary control (with the so-called dubious, i.e. missing words in the dictionary are highlighted on the screen);
fast Move with Word Control using the "Track. doubt. " to the next absent in the dictionary of the Word;
the ability to open and use the user's dictionary imported in the File menu \\ Dynamic Dictionary \\ Download ... or Import ...;
the ability to add to the dictionary of the user-launched when checking, but the correct word by pressing the "Add Word" button;
the ability to export a user dictionary in the File menu \\ Dynamic dictionary \\ unload ... or export ... after use or replenishment.
| Menu, team | Performed action |
| FILE | |
| Open image | read the image from the following format file: TIFF 5.0, PCX, BMP, GIF, TARGA, JPEG |
| Restore before. form | get scanned and stored in memory Image for choice new region Recognition (if necessary) |
| Remember image | write an image in TIFF 5.0 format |
| Open Ed file | open file with previously recognized text |
| Remember to text | write recognized text in a specific format files, such as ASCII, Smart ASCII, RTF, ANSI, Smart Ansi |
| Glue with text | add Recognized Text to the end of an existing text file |
| Choose from twain list | select scanner for use under the TWAIN interface |
| Get Twain Image | use access to the image through twain |
| Dynamic Dictionary | use the user's dictionary |
| Recognizing Module | download / Unload Recognizing Module |
| Output | exit Cuneiform |
| EDITOR | |
| Track. doubtful | go to the next dubbing word |
| Previous doubtful | go to the previous dubious word |
| Mark dubious words | on off. Doubtful word highlighting mode |
| Search | search for characters lines in recognized text |
| Search mark | repeat search |
| Add Word | legalize the word and make it in the list |
| Cancel addition | make the word dubious and remove it from the list |
There is also the ability to use the edit window of the editing window on using the control panel from above: output, save as ..., attach to ..., next. doubt. and add word /
Suneiform program command menu
| Menu, team | Performed action |
| ACT | |
| Batch scan | scan a series of pages. In the window that appears, there are five main fields: the titles, memorization of the page, create a document with the number of pages, change, output format. It is possible to combine their values \u200b\u200bdifferently depending on whether the scanner has an automatic feeder (Feeder), whether to start recognition before recording, control the recognition region, etc. |
| Batch recognition | enable page series recognition. Features of the fields, change and results are identical to the corresponding functions in batch scanning |
| Scanning and recognition | use scanning and automatic recognition of the document - usually if the design of the document simply simply and does not complicate the recognition of the text (for more complex fragmentation, the scanning and display operation) is very useful) |
| Scanning and showing | scan the document and view it without launching the symbol recognition. The scanned image will appear on the right side of the screen. |
| Select language | choose one of the possible languages: Russian (Russian-English regime is possible), English, German and French |
| Page gluing | enable the use mode of the manual scanner with the capture window smaller than the page size. This causes the process of processing the right or upper parts of the page in accordance with the choice of a gluing method. |
| Recognize | run symbolic recognition after executing the scanning and display mode or after downloading the image file |
| Recognition area | run the recognition mode of any part of the image. The area around the necessary part of the image is indicated by the mouse. |
| Turn | rotate the image that appears on the screen after scanning or downloading a file, 90 ° to the left (right) or 180 ° |
| Select scanner | choose scanner type |
| Resolution | select a resolution of 200, 300 or 400 dpi (DPI) |
| Brightness | set the optimal level of brightness to scan document. Cuneiform offers 256 brightness grades (0-255). By default, its value is 127 |
| Options | |
| Fragmentation | select fragments in the case when the document intended for scanning has a clearly complex design and consists of more than one column with text and / or graphics. |
| One column | configure Cuneiform for processing all scanned image characters as one text column |
| Vocabulary | enable the mode in which Cuneiform will highlight the dubious words with which you need to deal after the document recognition |
| Adaptive scanning | use all Cuneiform tools to get the best possible image. |
| Matrix printer | select mode to CUNEIFORM recognized documents printed on a matrix printer |
| Page orientation | select one of four possible orientations: normal page, page, turned left, inverted page and page turned to the right. If the selected orientation differs from the usual, Cuneiform rotates all open or scanned images. Current orientation is displayed by an icon in the left end of the status string. |
| Method of gluing | choose before using the page gluing command, one of the ways of gluing the page: vertical or horizontal. When first first, the left half of the page will be processed, and then the right. In the second case - the top, and then the bottom of the page |
| Illustrations | set illustration conservation mode with the text, as it was in the source document using the RTF format and stipulate one of the following types of illustrations: black and white, halftone, color |
| VIEW | |
| View page · In the window size |
enable / disable window image set "In the window size" for the image window |
| Expansion · one to one |
enable / Disable OKO Extensions set mode without enlargement for expansion window |
| Settings Editor | set the size of the letters and representing poorly recognized characters in the edit window |
| WINDOW | |
| Horizontal division | split the screen horizontally, so the edit window takes up the top of the screen, and the extension window is lower |
| Vertical division | Intuitia 2.0 for windows Uses the Omnifont technology (recognizes various fonts without any learning). It provides recognition of text materials from files in TIFF, PCX, BMP formats, as well as from all scanners that support TWAIN protocol, as well as from the scanners of the HP SCANJET family (directly).|
Despite the wide possibilities of using computers for processing the most different information, the most popular programs are still used to work with the text. When preparing text documents, three main groups of operations are used on the computer:
Input operations allow you to transfer the source text from its external form in electronic view, that is, a file stored on the computer. Entering can be carried out not only by a set using the keyboard, but also by scanning a paper original and the subsequent translation of the document from the graphical format to text (recognition).
Editing operations (edits) allow you to change an already existing electronic document by adding or removing its fragments, permuting the parts of the document, merging multiple files, partitioning a single document into several smaller, etc.
Entering and editing when working on text is often performed in parallel. When entering and editing, the content of a text document is formed.
Document design is set formatting operations. Formatting commands allow you to accurately determine how text will look on the monitor screen or on paper after printing on the printer.
Programs designed to handle text information are called text editors.
All variety of modern text editors can be conditionally divided into three main groups:
1.k first include the simplest text editors who have a minimum feature and capable of working with documents in the usual text format.txt, which, as you know, with all its simplicity and universal support, it does not allow more or less decently to format text. To this group editors can be attributed as included in the package of the Windows of the Windows family editors WordPad. And very little feeble NotePad (Notepad), and many similar products of other manufacturers (Atlantis, Editpad, Aditor Pro, Gedit, etc.).
2. The surrounding class of text editors includes quite wide opportunities in terms of paperwork. They work with all standard text files (TXT, RTF, DOC). These programs can be attributed Microsoft Works., Lexicon.
3. The third group includes powerful text processors, such as Microsoft Word. or StarOffice Writer.. They perform almost all operations with text. Most users use these editors in everyday life.
The main functions of text editors and processors are:
Input and editing text symbols;
The ability to use various symbol fonts;
Copying and transferring a part of the text from one place to another or from one document to another;
Contextual search and replacement of text parts;
Setting arbitrary parameters of paragraphs and fonts;
Automatic word transfer to a new line;
Automatic numbering of pages;
Processing and numbering of footnotes;
Creating tables and building charts;
Checking spelling words and selection of synonyms;
Building tables and subject pointers;
Printout of the prepared text on the printer, etc.
Also, almost all text processors have the following functions:
Support for various document formats;
Multi-lightness, i.e. Ability to work with several documents at the same time;
Insert and edit formulas;
Automatic saving editable document;
Working with multicolone text;
Ability to work with various formatting styles;
Creating documents templates;
Analysis of statistical information.
Today, almost all powerful text editors are part of integrated software packages intended for the needs of a modern office. For example, Microsoft Word is part of the most popular Microsoft Office office package.
Similar MS Office Programs - OpenOffice.org Writer., StarOffice. Writer., Corel Wordperfect., Apple Pages..
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
Higher professional education
Donskaya State Technical University
(DGTU)
COURSE WORK
on the discipline of informatics
option 6.
Application software. Classification of PPO. Text processing programs
Rostov-on-Don
Introduction 3.
1 Applied software and its classification 5
1.1 Applied Software 5
1.2 Classification of PPOs 5
1.2.1 General Purpose Software 6
1.2.2 Special Instrument Software
destination 9.
1.2.3 PROFESSIONAL TEMBERS TEMBERS 10
2 programs processing texts 12
2.1 Unformatted text editors 14
2.1.1 NotePad (Notepad) 15
2.1.2 Kedit Editor 16
2.1.3 KWRITE 17 Editor
2.1.4 Editor MCEDIT 18
2.1.5 Editor Emacs 19
2.2 Text editors with markup elements 25
2.2.1 Text Editor MSWORD 25
2.2.2 Editor Starwriter 31
2.2.3 Editor Netscape Composer 35
2.2.4 Klyx 38 Editor
Conclusion 40.
List of references 41.
Introduction
Personal computer, as you know, is a universal device for processing information. Personal computers can perform any information processing actions. To do this, you must create an accurate and detailed sequence of instructions for your computer on the language of your language, as you need to process information. Changing computer programs, you can turn it into an accountant or designer, designer or a scientist, writer or agronomist.
In addition, the tendency to lower the cost of computer equipment while increasing its performance led to the fact that computers become home to household, such as, for example, a TV or refrigerator, which expands the scope of the PC application even more. Accordingly, more and more diverse software needs to solve problems in new applications of PCs. Continuous increase in the power of personal computers, peripheral devices, as well as the development of communication tools gives software developers more and more opportunities for the maximum satisfaction of end-consumer requests. This is the standard graphical interface for any software, and embedded features for sending documents and data using the Internet directly from the application program (Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, etc.), and the ability to use a computer as information repositories due to the emergence of new species Large capacity drives and low data access time, as well as many other features and service functions.
With its execution of the program, various data input and output devices can use, just as the human brain uses sense authorities to obtain and transmit information.
By itself, PC does not have knowledge of any field of its application, all these knowledge are focused on programs performed on it. Therefore, the frequently used expression "computer did" means exactly what a program was performed on the PC that allowed the appropriate action to perform. Currently, the entire complex is divided into system and user programs. System software performs the functions of the "organizer" of all parts of the PC, as well as the external devices connected to it. User programs serve to perform any specific tasks In all spheres of human activity.
The number of programs installed on a modern computer is calculated by hundreds and even thousands. It is they who provide a comfortable job of the user.
The entire set of programs is included in the so-called computer software. The composition of the PC software is the most important functional characteristic. Software (software) is a set of regular application programs necessary to solve user objectives, and programs that make it possible to use computing equipment most efficiently, providing users with the greatest convenience and minimum labor costs for programming tasks and processing information. Consequently, the topic of work is relevant.
1. Applied software and its classification
1.1. Application software
Application software (application software, application programs) - programs designed to perform certain user tasks and designed for direct interaction with the user. Unlike applied, system software (operating system) is used to ensure the operation of the computer itself and the execution of application programs.
Application software - Software consisting of:
- separate application programs and application packages intended for solving various user tasks;
- automated systems created based on these (packages) of application programs.
Packages of application programs (PPP) - serve as a software tool for solving functional tasks and are the most numerous class of software products. This class includes software products that process information from various subject areas.
Installing software products on a computer is performed by qualified users, and their immediate operation is carried out, as a rule, end users - information consumers, in many cases whose activities are very far from the computer region. This class of software products can be very specific for individual subject areas.
Application programs are designed to ensure the use of computing equipment in various fields of human activity. In addition to creating new software products, applied program developers great efforts spend on improving and upgrading popular systems, creating their new versions.
1.2 Classification of PPO
Application programs are designed to ensure the use of computing equipment in various fields of human activity. In addition to creating new software products, applied program developers great efforts spend on improving and upgrading popular systems, creating their new versions. New versions, as a rule, support the old, maintaining continuity, and include the basic minimum (standard) of possibilities.
One of the possible options for classifying software tools (PS) constituting the application software (PPO) is reflected in Figure 1. Like almost any classification, shown in the figure is not the only possible. It contains even not all types of applications. However, the use of the classification is useful for creating a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe PPO.
Fig. 1. Classification of Application Software
1.2.1 General-purpose software
Despite the wide possibilities of using computers for the processing of different information, the most popular are programs designed to work with texts - text editors and publishing systems. Text editors Called programs for entering, processing, storing and printing textual information in a user-friendly form. Experts assess the use of a computer as a printing machine in 80%.
Great popularity has been acquired by graphic information processing programs. Computer graphics are currently one of the most dynamically developing software areas. It includes input, processing and output of graphic information - drawings, drawings, paintings, texts, etc. - Tools of computer equipment. Different types of graphic systems allow you to quickly build images, enter illustrations using a scanner or camcorder, create animated rollers.
Graphic editor allow you to use various instrumentation of the artist, standard libraries Images, sets of standard fonts, editing images, copying and moving fragments via screen pages, etc. To perform calculations and further processing of numerical information, there are special programs - spreadsheet. In the process of activity of any specialist, it is often necessary to present the results of work in the form of tables, where one part of the fields are occupied by the source data, and the other - the results of computing and graphical analysis. The large amount of information processed for them is characteristic of them, the need for multiple calculations when changing the source data. Automation of such routine work and electronic tables are engaged.
One of the most promising areas for the development of computing equipment is to create special hardware for the storage of giant information data arrays, and the subsequent unlicassed processing of their search and sorting. For computer processing such databases use database management systems. DBMS - This is a set of software tools needed to create, process and output database entries. There are several types of DBMS: hierarchical, network, relational. When working with DBMS, several consecutive stages are distinguished:
Design database;
Creating a database structure;
Filling a database;
View and edit the database;
Database sorting;
Search for the required record;
Sampling information;
Creating reports.
As a rule, most popular database management systems support these stages and provide a convenient toolkit for their implementation.
Computer publishing systems - This is a complex of hardware and software, intended for computer set, layout and publication of textual and illustrative materials. The main difference of desktop publishing systems from text editors is that they are intended, first of all, to design documents, and not for input and edit. The layout process consists in designing text and setting conditions for the mutual layout of text and illustrations. The purpose of the layout is to create an original layout suitable for the reproduction of the document to the printing method.
There are various publishing systems, among which the following can be distinguished:
1. Adobe Indesign - a newly emerging package of Adobe, optimized under the layout of documents of the widest profile, from single-page booklets to thick books, enriched with a set of specific visual tools.
2. Adobe PageMarker is another Package of Adobe, with a rather complex interface and command system, but at the same time with high performance and rich opportunities, especially when working with color.
3. Corel Ventura Publisher - Alternative package of Corel, somewhat lost its position in recent positions, but as a result of its versatility (has broad functions of ordinary textual and graphic editors, integration with Web, support for various platforms) without launching relevance.
4. QuarkXpress is quite easy to master and flexible publishing system, which is traditionally used by many publishers of newspapers, magazines, advertising agencies.
The desire to combine the functions of various application programs into a single system led to the creation of integrated systems. Universal integrated systems Developed on the principle of a unified system containing text and graphical editors as elements, spreadsheets and database management system. Examples: Framework, Works, Master. Modern software integration concept - Cooperation of individual application software systems for the type of well-known Microsoft Office package. The system included in the package are independent, moreover, they themselves represent a locally integrated package, since in addition to the main task, they support the functions of other systems. For example, the Word text editor has the ability to manipulate with spreadsheets and databases, and a powerful text editor is built into Excel's electronic table. To interfacitate information data from various software systems, they include an import-export exchange system with transcoding of data representation formats.
1.2.2 Special purpose instrumental software
Developers create special targeted software systems for specialists in some subject area. Such programs are called copper instrumental systems. The author's system represents an integrated medium with a given interface shell, which the user can fill with the information content of its subject area.
Expert system - This is a program that behaves like an expert in some narrow applied area. Expert systems are designed to solve problems with uncertainty and incomplete source data requiring expertise for their decision.
In addition, these systems should be able to explain their behavior and their decision.
The principal difference of expert systems from other programs is their adaptability, i.e. variability in the process of self-study.
It is customary to allocate three main modules in expert systems:
Knowledge Base Module;
Logical output module;
Interface with user.
Expert systems that are the basis of artificial intelligence gained widespread in science (classification of animals and plants by type, chemical analysis), in medicine (diagnosis, analysis of electrocardiograms, determination of treatment methods), in technique (troubleshooting in technical devices, tracking Flying of space ships and satellites), in political science and sociology, forensic, linguistics, etc.
Recently, hypertext information processing programs have been widely popular. Hypertext - This is a form of text material organization not in a linear sequence, but in the form of an indication of possible transitions (references), links between its individual fragments. In the usual text, the usual linear principle of posting information and access to it is carried out sequentially. In hypertext systems, information resembles the text of the encyclopedia, and access to any selected text fragment is carried out arbitrarily by reference. The organization of information in hypertext form is used when creating reference manuals, dictionaries, contextual assistance (HELP) in application programs.
The expansion of the concept of a hypertext on graphical and sound information leads to the concept of hypermedia. The ideas of Hypermedia were distributed in network technologies, in particular in Internet technologies. WWW Technology (World Wide Web) allowed to structure enormous world information resources through hypertext links. Software appeared, allowing you to create similar Web pages. The mechanisms for finding the necessary information in the labyrinth of information flows began to develop. Popular search tools in the Internet are Yahoo, Altavista, Magellan, Rambler, etc.
Multimedia (Multimedia) is the interaction of visual and audio effects under the control of interactive software. The emergence and widespread distribution of CDs (CD-ROM) has made effective use of multimedia in advertising and information service, network telecommunication technologies, training.
Multimedia gaming and training systems begin to displace traditional "paper libraries". Today in the CD-ROM libraries, you can "walk" on museums, Moscow Kremlin, etc. Using the "electronic guidebook".
1.2.3 Professional software
Each application of this group is focused on a fairly narrow subject area, but it penetrates the most deeply.
Arm - a workplace of a specialist in the subject area, equipped with a computer and special software that helps solve problems within the framework of the activities of this specialist (for example, ART of the Accountant, AWS dispatcher, AWS technolog, etc.).
AWP can be equipped with additional non-standard equipment, for example, the AWS telemechanics are equipped with a programmer microcircuit of the ROM, a debugging kit, etc.
Often under the term AWS understand only the software product for the automation of the work of a specialist. At the same time it is understood that the computer in the workplace is already available.
CAD - design automation system, or automated design system, (eng. CAD, COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN) - a software package designed to design (development) of production facilities (or construction), as well as design of design and / or technological documentation.
Modern CADS are used in conjunction with automation systems of engineering calculations and CAE analysis (Computer-Aided Engineering). Some CAD contain integrated means of automating engineering calculations and analysis.
Data from CAD systems is transmitted to CAM (English. Computer-aided Manufacturing is a system of automated development of parts processing programs for CNC machines or GAPS (flexible automated production systems)).
Working with CAD usually implies the creation of a geometric model of the product (two-dimensional or three-dimensional, solid state), generation based on this model of design documentation (product drawings, specifications, etc.) and its subsequent support.
It should be noted that the Russian term "CAD" in relation to industrial systems has a wider interpretation than CAD - it includes CAD, CAM and CAE.
ASNI - Automated System of Scientific Research (less frequently used Sanitis Automation Systems and SAE- Experiment Automation System) is a software and hardware complex based on computing equipment intended for research or comprehensive tests of samples of new techniques based on obtaining and using Models of the objects under study, phenomena and processes.
ACS - Automated control system - a set of mathematical methods, technical means (computers, communications, display devices, etc.) and organizational complexes, providing rational management of a complex object (process) in accordance with the prosecution. The ACS consists of the foundation and functional part. In basic information, technical and mathematical support. The Kfunctional Part includes a set of interrelated programs that automate specific management functions (planning, financial and accounting activities, etc.). The objects are distinguished by the ACS (technological processes - ASUTP, enterprise - ASUP, industry -Oasu) and functional automated systems, for example, design, calculations, logistical and other support.
ASUP - Automated enterprise management system - a complex of software, technical, information, linguistic, organizational and technological means and actions of qualified personnel, designed to solve the planning and management tasks of various activities of the enterprise
Pedagogical complexes - Packages of application programs for use in the learning process on various subjects
Finally, once again we emphasize not only the conventionality of the above classification, but also the presence of intersections. So, each specific expert system can be attributed to a professional level PPO; The principle of hypertext is implemented in a number of copyright systems, etc.
2 programs processing texts
One of the most common functions of a modern personal computer is to prepare a variety of text documents. This section discusses software products operating in MS Windows and Linux OS and designed to work with texts. We will get acquainted with the principles of creating and editing both simple and more complex documents.
There are two main groups of text document preparation programs: text editors and text processors.
Text editors, mainly call programs that create text files without formatting elements (i.e., not allowing to select parts of the text with various fonts and headsets). Editors of this kind are indispensable when creating texts of computer programs.
Text processors can format text, insert graphics and other objects in the document, not related to the classical concept of "text". It should be noted the conventionality of such separation - a variety of text processing programs allows you to find an editor with any set of functions.
Some text processors are the so-called WYSIWYG editors. The name is obtained by the first letters of the phrase What You See Is What You GET is what you see, there is something that you will get. When they say it is a WYSIWYG editor, then you guarantee full compliance with the appearance of the document on the computer screen and its printed copy. The editors of this type include Word and Starwriter.
Some modern editors support the concept of "almost" WYSIWYG. The type of document on the screen is slightly different from how the printed document will look, but it is done specifically for the purpose of more efficient use of the working window of the document. Examples of "almost" WYSIWYG editors are Netscape Composer and Klyx.
Many text files are transmitted as a simple text (Plain Text). The simple text is difficult to make attractive and easily readable, as there are no fonts of various designs, graphs, headers, subtitles, etc. These additional features are called text markup (Markup).
Speaking about the layout of the text, allocate the concepts of physical and logical markup. When using the physical layout of the text, the exact view of each fragment is indicated. For example, "CENTRATED Text, 14 Keglem, Fat, Times Headset". If logical markup indicates the logical value of this fragment, for example, "is the headline of the chapter". These two methods of marking are intended, as a rule, for use in different situations. In order to print text on the printer, you need to use physical marking. Decisions should be made on the size of fields and paragraph numbers. Early versions of text processors used only the physical type of markup. At the same time, the font, size and style was pointed for each fragment.
When exchanging information with other people, physical design of text imposes a number of restrictions, especially for online documents. Screen size, resolution, fonts are different for different systems. For these reasons, the logical design of the text is increasingly. In some cases, logical design is practically necessary: \u200b\u200bwhen creating electronic documents such as WWW pages or when creating and publishing bulk labor, such as books.
To maintain the marking of documents during the transfer of text information from the machine to the machine, different methods are used. Text processors and publishing systems use specially designed file formats that contain not only text, but also information on how it must be decorated. The main problem here is inconsistent with such formats, although the most complex programs can usually read files in competitors' formats. Examples of this approach are Word and Starwriter text processors.
With a different approach, special markup commands are inserted directly into the document. Even if you do not have software that supports such a format, you still understand it in it. There are many ways to such a presentation of the layout of the text, including:
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) using World Wide Web;
TEX and LATEX are popular for many academic publications, as well as in mathematicians, physicists, chemists and even musicians.
Examples of programs that allow you to place text in a similar way, serve Netscape Composer and Lyx (Klyx).
Files created by different editors often have unique extensions that allow, without looking into the document, guess the methods of laying text. So the files created by the editors of the PLAIN text preparation often have extension. TXT, and prepared in the LYX - .LYX editor. The Word text processor by default creates files in MS Word format (extension.doc), but also supports other formats, such as RTF (extension.rtf). Documents containing HTML marking commands have extension.html or.htm.
Obviously, it is impossible to list all text editors. Many of them are "sharpened" under one or another specific activity. The list discussed below shows only a small part of text editors.
Editors of unformatted texts
NotePad - built into the Windows operating system, is clear and easy and use;
MCEDIT - has similarities with Edit Edit from MS DOS, MC file manager component (Midnight Commander) LINUX OS;
Kedit - the simplest text editor, is part of KDE Linux;
KWRITE - a text editor having a number additional settings Compared to other simple text editors;
Emacs - combines the functions of a file manager and a text editor; One of the distinguishing features is the ability to create macros (macros); There are in all unix clones, including Linux; Emacs can be used in MS Windows.
Editors creating text with marking elements
Word - serves to create a variety of printed documents, is a component of office applications in MS Windows;
Starwriter - part of the StarOffice program, appearance and functionality it is similar to Word, works equally well both in MS Windows and in Linux OS;
LYX (Klyx in KDE) - a modern text editor, designed for people who want to get a document looking professionally, but to spend on its creation of a minimum of time; The editor inserts Tex and Latex marking team text;
Netscape Composer - Inserts the HTML Language Markup Text, exist both for Linux OS and MS Windows.
2.1 Editors of unformatted text
Simple and easy-to-use editors of unformatted text (Plain-Text) are constantly required by programmers when writing text texts, creators of Web documents, which for a number of reasons do not suit WEB editors, people using Tex or LaTEX, and many others. The principles of creating, saving and editing documents in them are very similar and do not require from the user painstaking work on their development. We will get acquainted with the NotePad program that is part of MS Windows, as well as with the editors that are part of the KDE environment: Kedit, Kwrite, MCEDIT. Then we consider the Emacs program for which the creation of Plain text has only a small part of its potential opportunities.
2.1.1 NotePad (Notepad)
The NotePad editor is one of the most common tools for preparing unformatted text in MS Windows. The editor window contains a menu bar, which includes three items: File, Edit and Search.
The File menu is used to work with files. It allows you to create, save and open an existing file. The document editing commands (copying, inserting, deleting text fragment) are carried out using the Edit menu. To search for text fragment, use the Search menu.
NotePad allows one more way to call the document editing commands - the context menu. To call the context menu, you need to highlight some document element, and then right-click. To close the context menu without selecting the command, click on the mouse button, placing its cursor outside the menu, or press the ESC key.
To highlight parts of text and move, various key combinations are used, presented in the table. SHIFT + arrow to the right selection of the symbol to the left of the cursor
To install the cursor to a specific place, you can use the mouse: you need to move the cursor and click on the left button.
Before executing commands for editing a fragment of the text, it must be highlighted, for which you can use two methods: using the mouse, or using the key combination. In order to highlight the text using the mouse, you need to install the mouse cursor to the beginning of the text fragment to be highlighted, and move the cursor when the left mouse button is pressed to the end of the fragment. The fragment remains highlighted until another fragment is highlighted.
The NotePad editor uses the so-called clipboard in its work. In the clipboard temporarily placed fragments of arbitrary length text. The fragment from the previous position is copied or deleted, while it is automatically placed in the clipboard and then can be inserted into any place of the text. The fragment is stored in the buffer until a new text is submitted to it.
2.1.2 Kedit Editor
The Kedit editor starts by setting the "Kedit" command on the command prompt, or through the KDE main menu. Kedit is an easy-to-use, fast and convenient editor.
The main techniques of the text set are similar to working with other simple text editors. All manipulations are carried out using the menu and toolbar. The toolbar contains buttons for file operations (creating, opening, writing), editing (copying, inserting, cutting), printing and posting mail. This is the Plain text editor and therefore does not contain formatting.
The setup menu allows you to change the appearance of the editor, setting the fonts of various headsets and draw. It is amenable to override the color of the font and background, spelling check parameters, the number of characters in the string, etc. You can select the encoding in which the document will be saved.
2.1.3 Kwrite Editor
Another editor intended for creating unformatted texts is kwrite. To start it, you need to dial "KWRITE" on the command line or use the KDE menu.
KWRITE editor is convenient to use for a set of texts containing markup and program codes, as it is a syntactically oriented editor. The latter means that he can allocate special designs and markup teams in color.
From the point of view of the KWRITE interface, Kedit is similar and has a menu bar and a button panel. In the File point, except for standard items similar to the KEDIT editor, added The new kind (Opening a window containing a copy of the current document). In the menu item Go Added the ability to insert so-called tags to accelerate the search for the desired fragment of the text. The editing item contains standard editing commands, as well as the ability to insert the contents of the specified file to the text. KWRITE supports the so-called rolling log, which allows you to cancel a number of actions.
In the Tools item, it is possible to install / cancel indents and add comments that match the file extension type.
Settings in Kwrite noticeably richer than in Kedit. It is possible to set the coloring of the syntax of any language: C, C ++, Java, HTML, etc., headset, size, encoding and font color. In subparagraph, the kwrite setting can be set to limit the length of the string (when transferring the transfer according to words), the tab value, the abolition levels, various indents, as well as parameters of the selection (including multiple and vertical selection). Here you can define hot keys for a large number of commands - moving the cursor, file operations, edit, highlight, search, replace and transition.
2.1.4 Editor MCedit.
Midnight Commander File Manager users willingly use the MCedit built-in editor. However, it is able to run and as an independent application, in this case it is required to dial "MCedit" in the command window.
Externally, this editor resembles Edit editor from a set of Norton Commander utilities, well known to users since MS DOS.
Moving according to the document is carried out using the cursor keys, as well as using the mouse. To go to another string, the Enter key serves. The selection of the text fragment is carried out using the mouse.
The table lists the assignments of the menu items and some key combinations to work with the text.
2.1.5 Editor Emacs.
In all UNIX systems, including Linux, the Emacs editor is widely used. As the editor of Plain text, it has a set of additional features and features. Emacs is a convenient file manager, it is easy to manipulate files and directories.
When you run Emacs, it creates its separate window, which, with the exception of the first and last row, is retracted to display text. The first line is called the menu bar, and the last one is an echo area or a minibofer window where the command sequences are displayed and queries appear. Once you stop more than a second in the middle of the command, all signs of this command are immediately displayed. In the future, we will adhere to the designations similar to that appear in the echo area, for example, while pressing the Ctrl and X keys in the miniber, the C-X string appears in the miniber, and the ALT and X keys are pressed row m-x (key on the keyboard, marked alt, plays a special role in Emacs: it performs the functions of a special key - META).
The echo area is also used to display a minibofer: windows that is used to read arguments for commands, for example, a file name for editing. When the minibuple is used, the echo region begins with the prompt row, which usually ends with the colon; In addition, the cursor appears in this row, as it becomes the selected window. You can always get out of minibofer, typing C-G.
The recommended way to use Emacs is to run it only once immediately after logging into the system. If you need to simultaneously work with multiple files or various parts of the same document, the C-X 5 2 command is followed or using the Make New Frame item to create a new window (the so-called frame). It is allowed to divide one window into several workspaces (in Emacs terminology - windows), although it is less convenient than using frames. The C-x 2 command will divide the window to two vertically, the C-x 3 command is two horizontally, and the C-X 1 command will only leave one window.
Emacs saves the text of each file in the object called the buffer (Buffer). When you first access the Emacs file creates a new buffer. In order to see a list of buffers created in the current session, type C-X C-B.
To complete the EMACS editor, the C-X C-C command serves. If at this moment there were buffers, the contents of which were not saved to the disk, then you will be asked to save them.
When you start the Editor "EMACS. &" By the Emacs window appears on the screen with information about the contents of the current directory (symbol & at the end of the command ensures the start of the application in the background). In this case, he plays the role of a file manager.
Moving by catalogs
The first two lines of the Emacs file manager window on the right contain a point (.) And two points (..). The string with a point matches the current directory. To move to the parent directory (i.e., at the level of the file tree) serves a string with two points. If you want to go to some subdirectory of the current directory, you need to set the cursor to the string with its name and press the ENTER key.
To appeal to the desired file or directory, the C-X C-F command is served. The Find File string appears in the minibofer window in which the path to the current directory is specified. Editing it, specify the path to the directory you need according to the syntax of the Linux operating system. After entering the name of the directory or file, press the Enter key. If the file name is specified, the appropriate file will be opened or created.
Creating a directory
To create a directory serves the + command. A CREATE Directory message appears in the miniber, after which you want to enter the name of the directory being created.
Copy File or File Group
To copy the file, you need to set the cursor to the file name and press the C key. After that, the COPY TO line appears in the minibal window, in which you want to specify the path to the directory to which you want to copy this file.
If you want to copy a group of files, then before copying you need to first mark each file by pressing the M key, after which the stamp symbol * appears in the extreme left position of the string with the file name.
Rename (move) files and directories
To rename the file, you need to install the cursor on this file and press the R key. A string appears in the miniber with the file name (directory) and indicates the full path to it. To rename the file, it is enough to specify a new name, and for moving - the path to the new catalog.
Editing
To edit the file, you must give the editor command to read it and prepare a buffer containing a copy of the file text. This operation is called a file reference. Editing commands are applied directly to the text in the buffer, that is, to the copies inside Emacs. Your changes will appear in the file itself only after the buffer is saved. As already noted, the C-X C-F command is served to access the file. If you access the file that has already been open, the new buffer is not created.
You can start Emacs with a specific file name, such as "Emacs File.txt &". In this case, the editor will create a buffer and loads the contents of the specified file to it (if there is no file with the same name, it will be created an empty buffer), after which you can immediately start editing.
If the buffer contains changes that were not saved to the file, then the buffer say that it is changed (or modified). This means that changes will be lost if the buffer is not saved. A sign that the buffer is changed, serve two stars in the status bar of the editor window.
Emacs From time to time (based on the counting of the keys you are pressed) independently records all modified buffer. This operation is called self-preservation or auto storage. When autoserving, a file is created, the name of which is different from the name of the source file by the presence at the beginning and end of the name of the symbol "#". For example, a buffer associated with the EXAM.TXT file will be saved to file # exam.txt #. When you save the buffer, Emacs will delete a motor shielded file.
To create and edit the document You can use the menu bar located at the top of the Emacs window. The menu bar contains the following items:
Buffers - serves to move on previously created buffers with files;
Files - This menu duplicates file working commands;
Tools - serves to perform a variety of different actions; Note that it contains the ability to work with several buffers;
Edit - When editing a document, you can use this menu, among the features there is the ability to check spell (Spell);
Search - this menu is needed to search for text fragments in the document;
HTML (or TeX, Java, etc.) - appears if Emacs "learned" file extension, in this case additional features are provided specific to files with this extension (for example, if this is a file with HTML extension, then The possibilities of inserting the most common hypertext markup commands);
Help - help menu.
Select and copy the text is convenient with the mouse. You can delete the selected text fragment by right-clicking on it with the right mouse button, as well as insert into any part of the document by pressing the middle mouse button or by executing the C-Y or SHIFT + INSERT command.
To switch input from Russian to English text, the capabilities provided by the operating system are used. In addition, Emacs often set up so that switching is made by the F5 key. Emacs allows you to use two modes of Russian letter layouts on the keyboard: Laying for a typewriter ("Yatsuken", as a rule, indicated on the keyboard) and the phonetic layout (on the consonance, on the key with the English letter K is both Russian K). Switching between them is carried out by the F6 key or standard keyboard switching tools.
List some Emacs editor commands to work with the text. If you are mistaken when entering any command, the C-G key combination will break it input.
| team | Purpose |
|
ESC (number command) |
Delete a sign before the cursor position Delete a sign after the cursor position Destroy everything until the end of the line Destroy the word Destroy the previous word Restore the last destroyed text Move the cursor to the beginning of the line Move the cursor to the end of the line Move the cursor on word forward Move the Cursor for Word Back Move the cursor on the string down Move the cursor on the string up Translate the Word to the Lower Register Translate a word to the top register Translate the Word to the Lower Register with the first capital letter Cancel the latest command (rolling) Repeat the specified number time command |
It is difficult to list all the features of Emacs in such a small manual. In addition to editing texts, it allows you to perform many other functions. The following are only some of them, allowing you to distract a little from work and relax.
First, we note one convenient feature provided by the editor is auto trap when entering commands in the minibofer string. By typing the beginning of the long symbol sequence, use the Tab key to display possible sources.
Emacs can work and as a desk calendar. To enter this mode, type M-X Calendar. The window will be divided into two, the calendar will be shown for three months, centered in the current month with the allocated current date. The calendar image automatically scrolls when you move beyond the visible part. Below are some commands to work with the calendar.
If you scored, you can try M-X Hanoi. As can be seen from the name of the team - this is the implementation of the famous puzzle "Hanoic Tower". If you are very boring, then specify a numerical argument, for example, M-X HANOI 5.
The game in the noliki cross on an endless board will require your personal participation. It starts the M-X Gomoku command; Wins one who will be able to build a number of 5 elements.
M-X DUNNET launches a greater adventure game.
If you are upset, run the famous ELIZA program (an example of a program modeling artificial intelligence). It serves as a psychotherapist who is ready to help you understand your problems. Enter the M-X Doctor to start, and each driver's response to the doctor finish double-clicking on the ENTER key. Complete communication session with a psychotherapist with the QUIT command.
2.2 Text editors with markup elements
2.2.1 Text Processor MS Word
Microsoft Word is a powerful text editor that has received the widest distribution in the Windows environment. It is a convenient tool for preparing a variety of letters, business documentation, reports. With it, it is convenient to create both forms and questionnaires and articles, brochures.
At the heart of documents in Word lies a system of formatting patterns and styles that allow us to achieve the unity of the design of most documents. Word belongs to the WYSIWYG editor: the printed document looks the same as on the screen.
The default Word saves text files in the MSWORD's own binary format (the corresponding file extension is .doc). The text version of this format is the RTF format (RichTextFormat) is documented by Microsoft and is supported by text processors of some other firms. Due to its text structure, the RTF format is much safer from the point of view of distributing computer viruses, while DOC format files are one of the tools for transmitting viruses between computers. The latest processor versions can save a file in the format that includes hypertext markup elements (.html or.htm).
The Word text processor uses several toolbars that facilitate the work with the document. Let's look at these toolbars and their purpose.
Standard - Contains the commands of commands that serve to work with the file and with the clipboard.
Formatting - serves to format text.
VisualBasic is designed to create programs on VisualBasic combined with Word document.
Web converts document Word. in Web page, i.e., a file containing HTML label.
Wordart - Contains the button to call the curb text commands.
AutoTector - Automatic fragment replacement or fast insertion of a frequently repeated fragment.
Databases - designed to create and work with databases that are used in document tables.
Image Setup - Contains command call buttons serving to work with a graphic image.
Reviews - designed to insert messages and reviews.
Drawing - designed to insert into a document of graphic objects.
Tables and borders - serves to framing tables.
Forms - contains buttons for creating forms, tables, lists, input fields when working with databases.
Controls - inserts buttons, switches and other VisualBasic elements into the document.
Handers - With this toolbar, you can install various upper and lower footers.
The main document - serves to develop the structure of the Main Document.
Volume Setup - Sets text volume options in the document.
Setting the shadow - allows you to add the shadow to both the text and the drawings.
The structure is designed to set the document structure.
Creating and saving the document
Word provides several document templates that will allow you to create specialized documents, such as letters or articles. The same pattern can be used many times. To create, save, open and closing the document, you can use the menu items or buttons on the Toolbar "Standard".
Word Text Editor can save documents in some other formats. To save the document in a format other than MicrosoftWord, you need to select the desired file format in the Document Type of File List.
One of the most important features of text processors, including Word programs, is the ability to diverse text formatting. Distinguish three types of formatting.
Formatting characters - when formatting characters, it is mainly about changing the font.
Formatting paragraphs - under the formatting of paragraphs means changing the size of the fields of individual paragraphs in the text, changing the intervals between the rows and the alignment of paragraphs.
Formatting pages - under the formatting of pages is a choice of size, orientation and sizes of page fields.
Symbol formatting includes a color change, size, text writing style. To change the style of writing characters, the buttons located on the Formatting toolbar can be used.
Under paragraph in Word, part of the document followed by a paragraph marker. When entering the text, the paragraph always finish with the Enter key. If you want to go to the next string without highlighting a new paragraph, use the SHIFT + ENTER combination.
The process of formatting paragraphs includes:
Alignment of paragraphs;
Installation of paragraphic indents;
Installation of the first line of paragraph;
Setting distance between rows;
Installation distance between paragraphs;
Monitoring the position of paragraph on the page.
Paragraph alignment is installed using the Formatting toolbar. By default, Word aligns all paragraphs to the left, while the lines begin with one vertical line. You can align both the center and the right edge, as well as block alignment - alignment in the width of the sheet.
You can use a horizontal ruler to install a paragraph and first line indentation. Highlight paragraphs for which you need to install an indent, and with the mouse, move the paragraph markers of the paragraphs and the first string (slots), located on the horizontal line, to the desired position. The basic parameters of the paragraph indentation can also be installed in the paragraph dialog box, for which it is necessary to call the paragraph from the format menu.
By default, Word sets the distance between the lines into one interval, i.e. it is exactly the altitude of one line. However, it can be one and a half, two or more intervals. The distance between the lines is installed in the Paragraph dialog box in the list "Interremist".
Any document printed on paper has fields. Word allows you to set the value for each of the four fields (upper, lower, right and left) separately. To do this, select the Page Settings item from the File menu and enter the required values \u200b\u200binto the appropriate fields.
To ensure the automatic execution of word transfer in the entire document, you need not only to turn on the word transfer mode (for what the service menu item must be set to automatically transfer words in the document), but also make sure that the word transfer is not blocked in any paragraph. To remove the word blocking in a separate paragraph in the Edit menu, select Select All, then in the format menu, select the paragraph, click on the Position tab on the page and remove the word without transferring words.
To check the spelling of the document, use the F7 key. You can also use the spelling button on the Standard toolbar.
Persecutors
When creating multi-page documents, almost always in the upper or lower part of the page is placed additional informationClaimed by footers. You can put the document header, page number, date, time and some other parameters. The menu to work with footers is called by selecting the headference from the View menu.
One of the reasons for the use of partitioning documents to sections is the need to have different upper and lower footers in different parts of the document. Having highlight each part to a separate section, you get the ability to install for each of the heads of footers, different from each other.
Most often, the pages of the document are placed in the footer. For quick numbering pages, select the page number from the Insert menu. If there should be no numbers on the first page, remove the mark in the number on the first page. In the Dialog box format number word page Invites you to choose one of the options for the page numbers.
Tables
The Word text processor allows you to insert a table into a document. To do this, the Table menu serves. You can also use the Insert Table button on the Standard toolbar. The Insert table dialog box appears on the screen, in which you can set the number of rows and columns of the table being created. To select one of the standard types of table design, you can use the AutoFormat button, when you click on which Word will display the Table AutoFormat dialog box.
To insert a new column (string) anywhere in the table, you can use the Paste Column (string) point from the Table menu. We highlight the column and execute the column insert command; The new column will be inserted to the left of the initial one. Inserting strings above the initial is carried out similarly.
To remove entire columns from the table (strings), select these columns (strings) and select Delete Columns (strings) from the Table menu or Cut item from the Edit menu.
In the process of editing the table, you may need to combine or break the cells. To combine cells, you need to highlight them and execute the command combining the cells from the Table menu. To split the cell, you need to highlight it, execute the command to split the cell from the Table menu, and in the dialog box that appears, specify the number of columns to which the cell will be broken.
Text effects
For assistance Microsoft Wordart can be inserted into the document objects containing the transformed text. You can change the shape of the inscriptions, stretch them, shade. To start this application, call an object from the Insert menu and in the Microsoft Wordart Line of the Microsoft Wordart list. Word will display the Wordart program window.
The top edge of the window is the control panel. Let us explain the value of all buttons on it and specify the functions that are performed when pressed.
|
Font size Bold Equal height Stretch Alignment Interval between symbols Rotation |
Select the form of a text fragment image Selection of type of font Choosing a font size Installation of bold Installation of consistent drawing Installation of the same height of uppercase and lowercase letters Rotate letters 90 degrees Stretching text horizontally and vertical Centering text Select distance between individual characters Select text turning parameters Select the type of pattern or color for text letters Text shade imposition Selection of the thickness of the line limiting the text |
2.2.2 Editor Starwriter.
Starwriter is a component software Product StarOffice Sun Microsystem, implemented as under MS Windows and under Linux OS.
This is a modern text processor, which (similar to the Word program) is a WYSIWYG editor. Externally, it very much reminds Word and has almost the same functionality. With it, you can create both simple text documents and articles, brochures and even books.
When StarOffice starts, a window appears that contains pictograms of documents of different formats. To start the STARWRITER text editor, you must select the StarOffice File menu Text Document From the Create menu, or on the Desktop of the program, click on the new text icon with the inscription. The StarWrithern program window is revealed on the screen with an empty sheet.
The program window contains the menu bar with the following items:
File - to work with files;
Edit - Allows you to implement allocation, insert and delete text, as well as search and replacement functions;
Kind - contains in itself the components of the appearance of the program window;
Insert - serves to insert objects and additional applications to the document;
Format - allows text formatting elements;
Service - contains additional functionsrelated to the design of the document, as well as the audit function of spelling;
Window - sets window location attributes.
When working with STARWRITER editor, it is convenient to use the service panels that contain the tool selection buttons that duplicate the main menu items. Using these panels significantly speeds up documents to edit documents. Among them:
The feature panel that contains the file commands buttons; usually located under the menu bar;
The object panel that performs basic text formatting operations; Located below the functions panel;
Toolbar containing the button insert commands of additional objects to the document; Located to the left of the text input.
The horizontal ruler will allow you to quickly and accurately establish indents like a red string and the entire paragraph.
In the status bar at the bottom of the Starwriter window reflects information about current condition document and a number of additional fields that allow you to change some parameters of the document.
At the bottom of the editor window, the taskbar is located, which serves to create new documents and manage the desktop and running applications.
Starwriter, as well as Word, has several templates, with which you can create specialized documents, such as presentations, articles or letters. To create, save or closing the document, you can use the buttons on the functions panel or the menu items.
When you open the file, the Open dialog box appears on the screen in which you can set the file search parameters. This window provides moving on the directory tree in search of the desired file.
When you first save the document, the Save dialog box appears in which you want to specify the location and name of the file to save. To re-save, it is enough to use the Ctrl + S key combination or the button with the image of the diskette on the functions panel.
When editing the document, it often has to highlight a particular text fragment. To highlight using the mouse, you need to set the cursor to the beginning or end of the fragment allocated, click the left mouse button and, without releasing it, move the cursor to the end or the beginning of the fragment allocated. To highlight the text using the keyboard, you need to press the SHIFT key and the cursor control arrow to select in the appropriate directions. Combination of the Ctrl + A keys highlights the entire text.
Text formatting
Starwriters great capabilities of both physical ("hard") and logical ("soft") text formatting. In physical formatting, it clearly set the fonts and font size, indents, alignment, etc. For logical formatting, a special stylist instrument is used.
Physical formatting techniques in the Starwriter program are almost identical to the Word program. For example, using a button with a symbol in the text object panel, the desired fragment of the text will be highlighted in bold. Soft formatting is satisfied with the text of a specific style. Style is a set specified values or funds under the general name, with which are formatted or, in other words, texts are issued.
Hard formatting is better to apply in cases where it must be quickly executed. If you want to highlight the word, for example, bold, it is enough to install the cursor on this word and click on the button with the symbol of J.
Soft formatting with styles is recommended to be used in cases where the need arises the same to issue a long text or several texts. Using styles may require a preliminary style creation using a stylist (which, of course, occupies a certain time), But the overall time gain is especially noticeable in the case of multiple formatting applications.
You can use the object panel to format characters. With it, you can set the font type, writing style, font size, and text color and background color.
A paragraph is considered part of the document for which paragraph marker. Separation on paragraphs is carried out by pressing the ENTER key. When formatting paragraphs, it is possible in the paragraph dialog box to set the distance between rows and paragraphs, paragraph indents, paragraph position control on the page. To display the paragraph dialog box, you need to highlight paragraphs to which you want to apply these formatting elements, and execute the paragraph command from the format menu.
To format pages, you need to execute the page command from the format menu, with the result that Starwriter will display the page style dialog box in which the main parameters of the leaf location and field size are installed.
Check spelling
Starwriter has a function of automatically checking spelling, which can be enabled immediately during text entry or cause if necessary.
Automatic spelling check during text entry can be enabled or disabled using the auto check button on the toolbar. If the auto check function is active, then all words not found in the dictionary (perhaps that contain errors) will be emphasized by Red wavy line. This selection is seen only on the screen, when printing it is not displayed. Starwriter has a dictionary under the name "Standard.dic". But you can always make your own dictionary or change the existing standard dictionary so that it meets your requirements. You can create your own dictionary using the Linguistics tab, to open which you need to select Parameters, then General ... and Linguistics.
Correct Incorrectly written word You can either directly enter changes to it, or by calling the context menu (by clicking on the right key on the Word), which will offer a set of properly written words similar to the erroneous. Select the word from the list will replace the word incorrectly written to the selected one.
If you want to check your text for errors, you need to select the spelling point, and then check. If errors are detected, the spelling dialog box appears on the screen, in which the options may be specified. This dialog box has the ability to add words to the dictionary.
Persecutors
To insert a footer to the document, you need to select the top footer or footer, then the standard. After performing the operation, a field will appear to enter the upper or footer. If you want to enter the contents of the footer, then you need to install the mouse cursor in this field and click the left button. To insert the date or other additional items, you must execute the field from the Insert menu and in the Options Options to select an element to insert in the footer field.
2.2.3 Editor Netscape. Composer.
This editor is designed to create documents containing HTML Language Markup. When working with it does not require knowledge of the HTML itself, since the editor itself inserts the required markup commands to the document. The files created in the NetscapeComposer editor usually have extension. HTML.
The Netscape Composer editor is a component of the Netscape Communicator browser, to start which on the command prompt, enter Netscape. After starting the browser, select Edit the page from the Files menu. In the Editor window that appears in the Files menu, you can select Existing or Create new page hypertext.
HTML language, in accordance with which the text created in the Composer editor does not allow you to strictly set the appearance of the document. Often, documents containing a large number of formatting commands are not bad in one separate viewing program (browser), operating system and with a specific screens size. However, if you select another viewing program, the document may become uncomfortable. Therefore, it is recommended not to get involved in the excessive formatting of the document and, if possible, test created document In various viewing programs.
| button | Purpose |
 |
Specifies the text style: Normal, headlines of various levels, address, element of the list, etc. |
Sets the font size: from +4 to -2 |
|
| Chooses the color of the text | |
Sets fat, cruising or underlined font, as well as their combinations |
|
Cleans all styles |
|
| Specifies the location of the text on the page: the text is pressed to the left edge, centered or pressed to the right edge. | |
| Creates numbered and marked lists |
Hypertext documents are intended mainly for viewing from the monitor screen, and not for printing on paper, so when you create a wide variety of color shades are used not only for the text itself, but also for the background of the document. In addition, as a background, you can use a graphic image in gIF format, JPEG or PNG. It should be noted that the background picture has a priority over the color of the background. To change the background of the document, call the context menu by pressing the right mouse button, and without releasing it, select the menu item Color and Page Properties (Page Colors and Propeties). A window appears in which you can set the colors and properties of the document.
Inserting images
An important addition to the text of the document is graphic objects inserted into it. They can act as illustrations or links. In a hypertext document, drawings of such formats such as GIF, JPG and PNG can be imported. To insert the drawings to the document, select the Picture item from the Insert menu. The properties window appears with the Picture open tab.
The picture field shows the file name containing the image. The Overview button allows you to specify the location of the pattern and its name. A group of buttons Aligning and flowing in text sets the position of the picture relative to the text surrounding it. Please note that the location of the text relative to the picture is correctly displayed only in the browser window.
In the same window, the image size is set: you can leave the original size, or modify it by selecting the Custom Size Switch and specifying the new image size (as a percentage of the document width or in pixels). It is useful to set some free space around the picture, otherwise the text will be close to the image.
2.2.4 Klyx Editor
Klyx (the more old version is called LYX) - another modern text editor. It formats the text by inserting the TEX Document Preparation Language Commands into it. The Klyx editor can be attributed to the category of WYSIWYG editors. Although when printing, the document sometimes looks like and not as on the screen, it is caused solely desire to more rationally use the editor window.
To run the Klyx editor, enter Klyx on the command line (LYX - for more old version), Or select it from the KDE menu. When the program starts the program, a window appears, at the top of which the menu string is located. Just below the menu bar placed toolbars. Unlike text editors Word, Starwriter or NotePad, with the initial opening of the program, a new document is created and some functions are not available.
The toolbar buttons duplicate part of the menu items. The main elements of the working window are similar to those considered in other editors.
Klyx distinguishes several so-called documents classes, the main of which can be considered as follows:
article - for writing articles;
aRTICLE (AMS) - for articles containing mathematics;
rEPORT - to create reports;
book and Book (AMS) - for writing books;
letter - to prepare letters.
When creating a new document, the user must specify its class, based on the purposes for which the document is created. To do this, use the Document item from the Layout menu. In the Document Layout window that appears, you can set the page style, paragraph selection mode, printing text in two columns and some other options. Consider them in more detail.
The PageStyle option is responsible for the design of the upper and lower footers of the pages, sets the numbering mode. Most often use:
default - default values \u200b\u200bfor this class;
empty - complete absence of footer;
plain - footers contain only page numbering.
The Sides option allows you to set different design for even and odd pages. The columns option defines the number of columns on the document printing page. To set the range of intervals in the document, use the Spasing option. You can specify single (Single), double (double) or half distance (onehalf).
To highlight paragraphs use the Separation option of the Document Layout window. You can set the "red string" mode, i.e. the indent at the beginning of paragraph - Indent, or the increased distance between paragraphs - SKIP.
If for any paragraph, you want to install your own parameters, then use Paragraph item from the Layout menu. The Paragraph Environment dialog box appears. To prohibit the retreat from the left edge, use the No Indent option, to change the distance from neighboring paragraphs - Vertical Space: Above from the previous one, Below - from the subsequent.
Conclusion
Recently computer techologies Promotion very intensively, and this contributes to the rapid development of software. Constantly exit products with many innovations. So text editors do not stand still. Each time more and more functions enclose these programs. But their development is set in such a way that with each new version, the program saves the previous set of features and the user can use both old and new functions, the latter are introduced only to facilitate work with the program. Or significantly expand its capabilities.
But it often happens that only a certain set of functions you need is needed, depending on their needs. Based on this, they choose a product to their taste. Some chooses the simplicity of work, other multifunctionality, the speed of execution of commands. Therefore, from all of their set, it is impossible to allocate some particular satisfying all the requirements, since they are all very different.
Bibliography
1 Sable B.V., Galin A.V. and others. Informatics. Rostov N / D, Phoenix, 2007
2 Kaymin V.A. Computer science: textbook. - M.: Infra-M, 2005
3 Breedo in L. Basics of computer science. SPB: SPB.GIEA, 2003
4 Ostreykovsky V. Informatics - Higher School, Moscow, 2003
5 Shautukova V. A. Informatics. Internet tutorial. 2001.
6 www.wikipedia.ru.
7 www.informatka.ru.